scholarly journals Understanding Substance Abuse and its Correlation with Social Changes in Sikkim: A Sociological Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Peter Rai
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Sociological Study ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

<p>In contemporary society, the full-fledged impact of modernisation and globalisation which has given the free movement of people, goods and money across the countries of the world can be witnessed. This has also opened the economic opportunities among the individuals and communities in the society, which has become a new way of life. Society has changed over the years and activities of the people have also undergone social change. Even the trend of taking drugs has changed with change in society. Traditionally used drugs have been replaced by modern synthetic drugs. The proliferation of pharmaceutical industries, which manufactures narcotic drugs, has, directly and indirectly, encouraged the use and abuse of drugs due to easy access in the market. The epidemic of illicit drug users in the global society has increased significantly and simultaneously related crimes in society. </p><p>Drug abuse is global phenomena. A drug is a biological substance, synthetic or natural, which is taken primarily for non-dietary needs, and it is a substance, which affects the functioning of the mind and body or both. Globally, according to UNODC estimate, in 2009, between 149 and 272 million people, or 3.3% to 6.1% of the population aged 15-64, had used illicit substance once in the previous year. Cannabis and ATS (Amphetamine-type stimulants) are two important drugs which are commonly used worldwide. Within Asia, ATS ranks as the main drug of abuse in Thailand, Japan, Republic of Korea and the Philippines, and also China, Myanmar and Indonesia are in the second rank (UNODC, 2004). Heroin, cocaine and other drugs kill around 0.2 million people each year and also causes health problems with incurable diseases. The European Monitoring Centre for Drug and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) defines the problem of drug use as, “injecting drug use or long duration regular use of opium, cocaine and amphetamines”. World Health Organisation (WHO), defines drug addiction as a ‘disease,’ and the American Psychiatric Association, define drug abuse as the ‘illicit consumption of any naturally occurring of pharmaceutical substance for the purpose of changing the way, in which a person feels, thinks or behaves, without understanding or taking into consideration the damaging physical and mental side-effects that are caused.'</p>

scholarly journals Drug Addiction in Sikkim: A Sociological Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Injecting Drug Use ◽  
World Health ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
North East India ◽  
North East ◽  
The People ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

<p><em>In contemporary society, the full-fledged impact of modernization and globalization, which has led to free movement of people, goods and money across the countries of the world, can be witnessed. This has also opened the economic opportunities among the individuals and the communities in the society, which has become the new of life. Society has changed over the years and activities of the people have undergone changes. Even the substances used for inebriation have changed corresponding with the dynamics of society. Traditionally used drugs, marijuana and cannabis, have been replaced by modern synthetic drugs. The proliferation of pharmaceutical industries, which manufactures narcotic drugs, has directly and indirectly encouraged the use and the abuse of the drugs due to the easy access in the market. The epidemic of illicit drug users in the global society has increased significantly and simultaneously drug use associated crimes as well in the society.</em></p><p><em>A drug is a biological substance, synthetic or natural, that is taken primarily for non-dietary needs, and it is a substance, which affects the functioning of mind and body or both. Globally according to UNODC estimate, in 2009 between, 149 and 272 people or 3.3% to 6.1% of the population aged 15-64 has used illicit substance once in previous year. Cannabis and Amphetamine Type Stimulants [ATS] are two important drugs which are commonly used world-wide.(World Drug Report,2010;pg.123) Within Asia, ATS ranks as the main drug abuse in Thailand, Japan, Republic of Korea, Philippines and also China, Myanmar and Indonesia are in the second rank according to United Nations of Development Countries   [UNODC] in 2004.  Heroin, Cocaine and other drugs kill around 0.2 million people each year and causes health problems with incurable diseases. (Changing Drug abuse patterns and law enforcement strategies;pg.-134)  The European-Monitoring Center for Drug and Drug Addiction [EMCDDA] defines the problem of Drug use as injecting drug use as ‘injecting drug use or long duration regular use of opium, cocaine and amphetamines.’ World Health Organization [WHO] defines Drug Addiction as a ‘disease’  and the American Psychiatric Association defines drug abuse as the ‘illicit consumption of any naturally occurring of pharmaceutical substance for the purpose of changing the way, in which a person feels, thinks or behaves without understanding or taking into consideration the damaging physical and mental side effects that are caused.(World Drug Report,2012;pg.125-126).</em></p><p><em>Drug Abuse is a global phenomena and it is also abused in India. India is a diverse nation and is like many other nations afflicted by drug abuse and drug addiction among the youths in the society. Drugs like opium and cannabis were traditionally used by the people, which are taken as a pain reliever by the people. ‘Ganja was consumed to worship Hindu God, Lord Shiva, during the festival of ‘Shivratri’ in India.(B. Sundas, 2011;pg.50). According to a nation-wide survey spread over 13 states by a NGO, in collaboration with the Ministry of Women and Child Development found that 32.1% children below the age of 18had tasted bhang, ganja, heroin or other forms of narcotics. (P. Mehta, 2011) In 2008, 5.3 million Indians aged 12 and older had abused cocaine in any form and 1.1 million had abused LSD at least once in the year. In 2008,453,000 Indians aged 12 and older had abused Heroin at least once in the year. In 2008,25.8 million Indians aged 12 and older had abused marijuana at least once in the year. In 2008,850,000 Indians aged 12 and older had abused methamphetamine at least once in the year.(Ibid,pg. 34-40).</em></p><p><em>Northeast has been challenged by serious problem of Drug use by the youth. Nagaland and Manipur are the two states in Manipur are the two states in North-East India, which has the highest prevalence of Intravenous Drugs (IDUs). Even cultivation of opium is done in Manipur, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh, and supplied to other parts of India. These are the easy routes of drug trafficking across the common borders of Myanmar and the three North-eastern States of India (Manipur, Mizoram and Nagaland). There is illicit cultivation of opium and cannabis, the heroin and the amphetamines, and the pharmaceuticals are used as illicit drugs and trafficked in the North-east India. (Drug used in Northeastern States, India;pg.xiv).</em></p>

Understanding addiction: Conventional rewards and lack of control

1996 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clark McCauley
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Lack Of Control

AbstractThe conflict between drug and conventional rewards leads to a paradox: Sanctions against drug use decrease access to conventional rewards and push drug users toward drug abuse, whereas increased access to the rewards of family, friends, and work may help reduce drug abuse. Lack of control is not specific to drug addiction and is unlikely to yield to a shift in bookkeeping.

An Analysis of the Criminogenic Effects of Terminating the Supplemental Security Income Impairment Category for Drug Addiction and Alcoholism

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 391-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Swartz ◽  
Zoran Martinovich ◽  
Paul Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Property Crime ◽  
Supplemental Security Income ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Treatment Access ◽  
Reported Crime

This study examined the criminogenic effects of terminating the Supplemental Security Income program for drug addiction and alcoholism. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to analyze self-reported crime, economic, and drug-use data collected as part of a two-year multisite study with five interview waves from 1,640 former DA&As. The primary independent variables examined included subjects’ replacement of lost SSI benefits legally or through re qualification under another disability category and their weekly use of heroin and/or cocaine. The study found that failure to replace lost cash benefits resulted in a moderate increase in crime, particularly drug and property crime, that peaked two years after loss of benefits. Heroin and cocaine use were also related to criminality, though the magnitude of this effect was greatest at six months after loss of benefits. The study also found a relationship between drug use and loss of benefits, suggesting that the federal legislation has created a crime-prone residual population of drug users with limited treatment access.

scholarly journals Fatal attraction: A narrative of early opioid addiction

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 470-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willy Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Opioid Misuse ◽  
Depth Interview ◽  
Morphine Addiction ◽  
Fatal Attraction ◽  
The Usa

Norway’s first clinic to treat drug abuse was established in 1961. Most patients had been initiated into drug use through the healthcare system, i.e., in an iatrogenic manner. However, we know little about the drug users from this period. Here, we present an in-depth interview with a woman born into a wealthy family in the early 1920s who developed a heavy morphine addiction. In the course of the interview, she gradually reveals how her husband, who was a physician, as well as two other physicians, who were also erotically attracted to her, had key roles in this development. The narrative illustrates and elaborates how females from the upper strata of society with close links to male physicians may have been at particular risk of opioid misuse in the period before 1960. We now witness a new wave of iatrogenic drug abuse, particularly in the USA. We suggest that experiences from this period may again be relevant.

Functional Family Therapy for Young People in Treatment for Nonopioid Drug Use

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trine Filges ◽  
Ditte Andersen ◽  
Anne-Marie Klint Jørgensen
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Family Therapy ◽  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Young People ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Insufficient Evidence ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Functional Family Therapy ◽  
Functional Family

Objectives: This review evaluates the evidence on the effects of functional family therapy (FFT) on drug abuse reduction for young people in treatment for nonopioid drug use. Data and Analysis: We followed Campbell Collaboration guidelines to conduct a systematic review of randomized and nonrandomized trials. Results: The search yielded two studies that met inclusion criteria. Only one study provided numerical results on the effect of FFT on drug use reduction. Conclusions: There is insufficient evidence to allow any conclusion to be drawn on the effect of FFT for young people in treatment for nonopioid drug use. There is a need for more research and particularly for more methodologically rigorous studies in the field of treatment for young drug users.

scholarly journals Evaluasi Program Art Therapy Bagi Pasien Dual Diagnosis (NAPZA-Skizofrenia) di Rumah Sakit Ketergantungan Obat (RSKO) Jakarta

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-77
Author(s):  
Nurbani Ulfah
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Art Therapy ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Dual Diagnosis ◽  
Social Worker ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Drug Dependency ◽  
Reference Center ◽  
Problem Drug

The main problem drug users with psychiatric disorders is the difficulty of communicating the reason they use drugs and express their feelings on the condition of the Counselor or Social Worker (Therapist). The existence of the program of art therapy for patients with drug with psychiatric disorders (dual diagnosis) is part of psychotherapy as an adjunct therapy in the form of art to channel emotions, express their feelings when communicate verbally is difficult, and to express themselves freely in order to improve their condition in the direction better in recovering. In an effort to redress for victims of drug abuse, especially for people with dual diagnosis due to drug addiction, the Drug Dependency Hospital (RSKO) is a reference center for rehabilitation using the Therapeutic Community (TC) based hospitals that have programs therapies to restore health and capabilities in the field of art, one through the art therapy program.Keywords: Evaluasi Program, Art Therapy, Dual Diagnosis (NAPZA-Skizofrenia), dan Pekerja Sosial Medis/Klinis.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Intensive Treatment and Rehabilitation Program for Residential Treatment and Rehabilitation Centers (INTREPRET) in the Philippines: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Trials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takayuki Harada ◽  
Toshiaki Baba ◽  
Tomohiro Shirasaka ◽  
Shogo Kanamori
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Treatment Program ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Consent Form ◽  
Comprehensive Treatment ◽  
Randomized Controlled

Abstract Background The Philippines has been severely affected by the methamphetamine crisis. The government has launched a policy war against drug use, although the severe sanctions imposed on drug users have been criticized internationally. To help implement a more effective and humane approach to drug use, this study aimed to introduce a comprehensive treatment program for methamphetamine users based on cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) whose effectiveness will be evaluated through a randomized controlled trial. Methods Methamphetamine users admitted into government-run rehabilitation facilities are recruited and randomly assigned to either a CBT-based treatment program or existing therapeutic community (TC)-based treatment. The CBT treatment program was developed based on the Matrix Model that considers cultural and social factors in the Philippines. After 6 months of treatment, there will be a three-month follow-up, when the participants’ drug use (tested through urine testing) and other psychological variables, including craving, coping skills, and well-being, will be compared. Potential participants are given a summary of the study and a consent form. The consent form is signed and dated by participants prior to their study participation. Ethical approval was obtained prior to the commencement of the study. Discussion This is the first randomized controlled trial to compare the residential CBT program and the TC model for methamphetamine users in the Philippines. The study aims to fill the current knowledge and capacity gaps by introducing a CBT-based treatment program to improve the psychosocial well-being of drug users in the Philippines. Moreover, if the effectiveness of the treatment program is demonstrated, anti-drug campaigns and severe sanctions against drug users may be reconsidered. Trial registration UMIN Clinical Trials Registry JPRN-UMIN000038597. Registered on 15 November 2019. Protocol version October 17, 2021 ver.2

Non-prescription drugs

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan Timmins
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Crack Cocaine ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Class A ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Problem Drug

The use of non-prescription drugs is widespread and has a major impact on the health of the individual user and society. In 2006, the British Crime Survey reported that 10% of adults had used one or more illicit drugs in the preceding year, with 3% reporting using a Class A drug. Over 11 million people in the UK are estimated to have used an illicit drug at least once in their lifetime (35%). Drugs abused vary in their intrinsic potential to cause addiction and, with it, more regular and harmful use. Drug users are influenced by trends and fashions, adopting new compounds such as crack cocaine and experimenting with routes of ingestion. Some drugs may become less popular over time, such as LSD, while others, such as cannabis, experience a revival as more potent strains (e.g. Skunk) are developed. A problem drug user is best defined as a person whose drug taking is no longer controlled or undertaken for recreational purposes and where drugs have become a more essential element of the individual’s life. The true economic and social cost of drug use is likely to be substantially greater than the published figures, which are derived from a variety of health and crime surveys which may overlook vulnerable groups such as the homeless. The majority of non-prescription drugs used in the UK are illegal and covered by the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. The drugs most commonly abused gave rise in 2003–4 to an estimated financial cost in England and Wales of 15.4 billion pounds to the economy, with Class A drugs such as heroin and cocaine accounting for the majority of this. Some 90% of the cost is due to drug-related crime, with only 3% (£488 million) due to health service expenditure, which is mainly spent on inpatient care episodes. This still represents a major health pressure, which in 2006–7 amounted to 38 000 admissions, in England, for primary and secondary drug-related mental or behavioural problems, and over 10 000 admissions recorded for drug poisoning. Clinicians in all specialities can expect to encounter harmful drug use, especially those working in primary care, A & E, and psychiatric services. Presenting problems are protean, ranging from mood disorders, delirium, and psychosis to sepsis, malnutrition, and hepatitis. Blood-borne infections such as hepatitis C and HIV are widespread, as contaminated needles and syringes are shared by up to a quarter of problem drug users. Even smoking drugs such as crack cocaine can lead to increased transmission of hepatitis C through oral ulceration and contact with hot contaminated smoking pipes. Amongst the UK population, over half of IV drug users have hepatitis C, a quarter have antibodies to hepatitis B, and, by 2006, 4662 had been diagnosed with HIV. Non-prescription drug abuse is a leading cause of death and morbidity amongst the young adult population (those aged 16–35). In 2006 there were 1573 deaths where the underlying cause was poisoning, drug abuse, or dependence on substances controlled under the Misuse of Drugs Act. The vast majority (79%) were male. Young men, in particular, are at greater risk of violent death through associated criminal activity such as drug supplying and from deliberate and accidental overdose. The male-to-female ratio for deaths associated with mental and behavioural disorder is 6:1.

Clinical evaluation of antidepressant drugs; Guidelines from authorities

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 57-62
Author(s):  
J.M. Keppel Hesselink
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Evaluation ◽  
Antidepressant Drugs ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
World Health ◽  
Medicinal Products ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Phase Iii Trials ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
New Chemical Entity

SummaryFood and Drug Administration, World Health Organisation and Committee on Proprietary Medicinal Products have published guidelines with recommendations how to conduct clinical trials. The guidelines for the clinical evaluation of antidepressant drugs contain a great variety of recommendations how to design phase I, phase II and phase III trials. Especially the pharmaceutical industry will follow these guidelines as much as possible to make the chances to register a new chemical entity as optimal as possible. While FDA and CPMP guidelines are primarily meant to be read by representatives from the pharmaceutical industries, the WHO guidelines give mainly information for clinicians. For the psychiatrist with interest in clinical research on antidepressants it is mandatory to know about the existence of these different guidelines. Fundamental differences between the guidelines do not exist; the methodological and ethical problems concerning placebo-use and relapse-recurrence problems are especially emphasized in the CPMP-guidelines.

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