scholarly journals A Quick Glimpse into Communism and Anti-Nationalism in Kedah Before the World War Two

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Kasri bin Saidon ◽  
Zolkefli bin Bahador ◽  
Khaliza binti Saidin
Keyword(s):  
Social Influence ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
World War Two ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
World War ◽  
Social Equality ◽  
The World

This paper is a brief review on social situation in Tanah Melayu (Malaysia), specifically in the state of Kedah, prior to World War Two. Generally, the situation and social understanding in Kedah was influenced by the influx of immigrants especially the Chinese who came for economic reasons.  These immigrants brought with them the culture and the way of life in the Mainland China. This, in a way, affected people’s lives in Kedah. With the strong support from the Chinese, communism began to make its mark among other ethnic groups in the society. The Triads culture became strong and it lead to other anti-national activities. This, in turn, affected the economic, political, and social influence. All these aspects seemed to have become the foundation of a bigger influence after the surrender of Japan. They have also become the foundation for social equality and differences during   the Emergency period from 1948-1960.

West Africa

2020 ◽  
pp. 105-123
Author(s):  
Danilo Mandić
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Niger Delta ◽  
Regional Politics ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
World War ◽  
Boko Haram ◽  
The World

This chapter focuses on West Africa during 1989–2019. West Africa's transnational smuggling enterprises are hardly a novelty — or as menacing as they sound. Troc, or barter trade, is a way of life that preceded and survived colonialism. Commerce is known as al-frud, from the French fraude (fraud), reflecting the World War II-era tradition of regional smuggling. What is new in the globalized period is that mafias in five nations — and just as many budding ones — have played formative roles in regional politics. Three of the host states (Mali, Senegal, and Nigeria) were significantly torn by ethnocentric, separatist-controlled rackets in drugs and migrants (Azawad), marijuana (Casamance), and extortion (Boko Haram). Nigeria employed ethnocentric Niger Delta mafias to fight its northern separatists. In Niger's Agadez and Cameroon's Ambazonia, however, organized crime promoted cohesion.

John Lehmann’s War Effort: The Penguin New Writing (1940–1950)

2020 ◽  
pp. 250-272
Author(s):  
Tessa Thorniley
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
Short Story ◽  
Elizabeth Bowen ◽  
World War Two ◽  
World War ◽  
Graham Greene ◽  
Literary Periodicals ◽  
The World ◽  
War Effort ◽  
Rosamond Lehmann

John Lehmann’s The Penguin New Writing (1940-1950) is considered one of the finest literary periodicals of World War Two. The journal was committed to publishing writing about all aspects of wartime life, from the front lines to daily civilian struggles, by writers from around the world. It had an engaged readership and a high circulation. This chapter specifically considers Lehmann’s contribution to the wartime heyday for the short story form, through the example of The Penguin New Writing. By examining Lehmann’s editorial approach this chapter reveals the ways he actively engaged with his contributors, teasing and coaxing short stories out of them and contrasts this with the editorial style of Cyril Connolly at rival Horizon magazine. Stories by, and Lehmann’s interactions with, established writers such as Elizabeth Bowen, Henry Green and Rosamond Lehmann, the emerging writer William Sansom and working-class writers B.L Coombs and Jim Phelan, are the main focus of this chapter. The international outlook of the journal, which promoted satire from China alongside short, mocking works by Graham Greene, is also evaluated as an often overlooked aspect of Lehmann’s venture. Through the short stories and Lehmann’s editorials, this chapter traces how Lehmann sought to shape literature and to elevate the short story form. The chapter concludes by considering how the decline of the short story form in Britain from the 1950s onwards was closely linked to the demise of the magazines which had most actively supported it.

Greece Abandons Proportional Representation

1929 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 459-461
Author(s):  
Adamantios Th. Polyzoides
Keyword(s):  
Strong Support ◽  
Proportional Representation ◽  
General Election ◽  
World War ◽  
The World

Following the adoption by Greece of proportional representation in the general election of November 7, 1926, that system was abandoned in the last election, held on August 19, 1928, on the ground that it failed to give the country a strong and homogenous government. The earlier operation of “P. R.” in Greece was set forth in a former number of this Review. In a total of 286 seats, in the election of 1926, the Venizelist Republican group secured 144, as against the Antivenizelist Royalist group which secured 130, there being also a unit of nine Communists and three Agrarians elected to that Chamber. In view of the impossibility of either of the major groups forming a cabinet with the strong support of the Chamber, a coalition ministry was resorted to, and it worked with marked success so long as a compromise program was followed. This cabinet, under the leadership of the veteran statesman, Dr. Alexander Zaimis, himself not a deputy, was supported in the Chamber by the 106 votes of the Liberal Union, the 18 of the Republican Union, the 63 of the Popular Royalists, and the 54 of the Free Opinion Moderate Royalist party, thus having a total support of 241 votes, against 45 disunited and leaderless opponents. This coalition was able to heal the serious breach that had split the Hellenic nation since 1915 over the question of Greek participation in the World War or absolute neutrality. The ministry was, furthermore, instrumental in bringing some order into the chaotic finances of the country.

scholarly journals Making the Call: Art and Politics in Ronald Harwood’s Taking Sides

Humanities ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 118
Author(s):  
Ann C. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Classical Music ◽  
World War Two ◽  
Insurance Claims ◽  
World War ◽  
Old World ◽  
Art And Politics ◽  
The World ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Totalitarian State

Set in Germany during the denazification processes following World War Two, Ronald Harwood’s Taking Sides (1995 play, 2001 film) pits German conductor Wilhelm Furtwängler against a relatively uncultured American interrogator, Steve Arnold, to, as Harwood says, examine the role of an artist under a totalitarian state and an American’s mistreatment of the world-renowned maestro. While there is certainly a contrast between the old world, represented by the classical music of Furtwängler, and the new, represented by Arnold’s affinity for jazz, there is much more at stake in both the play and the film. As the interrogation progresses, Arnold, who worked as an insurance claims adjuster during his civilian days, senses Furtwängler’s arguments about art as apolitical, are what he calls “airy-fairy” excuses. Arnold knows Hitler favored Furtwängler, used his music to inspire his atrocities, and gave Furtwangler access to almost anything he wanted. Critics frequently praise the play and film for its balanced presentation of the two sides. However, by examining the play and the film in terms of Aristotelian tragedy, this essay makes clear that Furtwängler’s refusal to take sides has grave consequences, consequences that only the crude, “ugly American” Arnold is willing to discuss.

scholarly journals What pd Research in China Tells Us

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
Qiang Yao ◽  
Jie Dong ◽  
Tao Feng ◽  
Bengt Lindholm
Keyword(s):  
Mainland China ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Management Guidelines ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
The World ◽  
Near Future

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) was introduced in China later than in most Western countries, and PD research activity was quite limited until the 1990s. However, in the 2000s, and even more so during the last decade, there has been an unsurpassed increase in the number of PD patients, paralleled by a substantial increase in PD research activity reflected by an increasing number of PD papers from China. In this brief review, we describe some of the factors that may explain the dramatic developments in PD research in mainland China, such as the focus on basic research using scientific approaches that subsequently could be applied also in clinical studies. Another important factor was the growing interactions with international PD research centers in Hong Kong and in Western countries. Thanks to strong support from Chinese national and regional funding sources, a growing number of young Chinese researchers went to key international PD centers to learn about novel advanced research techniques. This paved the way for long-lasting, productive collaborations with benefits also for the foreign host institutions. Finally, we present some current research projects, including basic research that may contribute to the understanding of mechanisms behind complications such as peritonitis, and clinical projects aiming at improving PD management guidelines and better understanding of the potential of PD in China. Because of the size of the PD population, now the largest in the world, and the increasing number, and quality, of researchers in the PD field, PD research in China is destined to be a major contributor to advancements in PD in the near future.

Confrontation over Kenya: the Colonial Office and its Critics 1918–1940

1977 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Wylie
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Direct Impact ◽  
World War Two ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Pressure ◽  
Social Democratic ◽  
Responsible Government ◽  
The World ◽  
Colonial Office

Between the world wars, Colonial Office decisions regarding Kenya were subject to two opposed pressures: while the settlers wrestled with officials for greater control of their own affairs, a body of pro-African reformers loudly protested every concession and lobbied for equal rights and an end to the colour bar. This humanitarian lobby was largely the creation of two former colonial servants, Dr Norman Leys and W. McGregor Ross. Working mainly through the Labour Party, these men broadcast their social democratic ethics and demonstrated that the colony's political economy was badly weighted against African progress. They were the precursors of a more full-bodied socialist approach to colonial reform which during World War Two began to permeate the imperial bureaucracy. Until African initiative became a major determinant of Colonial Office policy in the early 1950s, these critics, with their colleagues in religious and humanitarian groups, were able to hold the front against settler self-government in a few indirect ways. Their allegations that Africans had been unjustly deprived of land and that they received far less in services than they paid in taxes were officially corroborated by command papers in the thirties. By creating a body of pro-African opinion which could exert political pressure on the Colonial Office they discouraged official plans to surrender responsible government to the settlers. Their direct impact on the Colonial Office was simply to alienate officials. Records of the confrontations between these reformers and Whitehall reveal that during this period Colonial Office officials were not only powerless to initiate reform. They were also, with few exceptions, uninterested in reforming the colony's political economy.

scholarly journals The power of memory and the heritage of the World War Two in When You Return by Anna Mitgutsch

2021 ◽  
Vol 145 ◽  
pp. 45-62
Author(s):  
Aneta Jurzysta
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Sudden Death ◽  
Collective Memory ◽  
War Crimes ◽  
Jewish American ◽  
World War Two ◽  
World War ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

The article is devoted to the image of World War Two in When You Return (Wenn du wiederkommst) (2010) by Anna Mitgutsch, a moving story of love, trust and betrayal, devoted to the protagonist’s response to the sudden death of her Jewish-American ex-husband Jerome. The article discusses the attitude to Jewish roots and the problem of remembering past events, especially memories of World War Two. In her novel the author combines family history with the history of the country, refers to the issue of cultural and collective memory, and especially to the specific Austrian memory of the events of the Holocaust and the long-standing tendency to diminish the guilt and to negate the participation of Austrians in war crimes.

scholarly journals Children’s and Family Games in the Memories of Jews in Latvia

2020 ◽  
pp. 313-337
Author(s):  
Marina Gehta ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Jewish Life ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Second World ◽  
Jewish Families

This article analyzes children's and family games that were typical in Jewish families both before and after the Second World War. The article is based on field work with the Jews of Riga and Eastern Latvia (Latgale). In the 20th century in Latvia, as in the world more generally, the traditional Jewish way of life underwent changes that also affected children and their free time. The article describes traditional games preserved in Jewish families until the second half of the 20th century, as well as new types of leisure and game practices that have arisen as a result of the transformation of traditional Jewish life. Particular attention is paid to local features in Latvia.

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