Fiscal capacity in ‘‘responsible government’’ colonies: the Cape Colony in comparative perspective, c. 1865–1910

This study contributes to debates on the efficacy of institutions in settler colonies by comparing the Cape Colony’s fiscal path to the experiences of Australia, New Zealand, and Canada. I find that the Cape’s fiscal trajectory was divergent. Agricultural and mining taxes were important surrogates of income taxes in other colonies, but the Cape’s narrow interests pushed for insulation from direct taxes. This made the Cape’s fiscal path unsustainable with comparatively low per capita taxes, high deficits, and the highest level of indebtedness. I argue that the instrumentality of ‘‘responsible government” status was conditional on how imported self-government institutions were endogenized.

1. What is Public Law?

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. This chapter provides an introduction to public law. Public law regulates the relationships between individuals (and organisations) with the state and its organs. Examples include criminal and immigration law and human rights-related issues. Public law is made up of a number of key principles designed to ensure a healthy, representative, law-abiding country that strikes a balance between the needs of the state and the needs of its citizens. Each of these principles is discussed in turn: the rule of law, separation of powers, representative democracy, supremacy of Parliament, limited and responsible government, and judicial review executive action by the courts.

12. Responsible Government and Constitutional Conventions

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. This chapter discusses the nature and extent of constitutional conventions, which are political rules that are binding upon those to whom they apply. They apply to the relationships between the Crown, Parliament, the judiciary, the civil service, and the executive, and play a key role in limiting the powers granted to institutions of government by unwritten rules or sources. Constitutional conventions also regulate key parts of the relationship between the institutions of government. The doctrine of ministerial responsibility is one of the most important examples of constitutional conventions regulating the behaviour of the executive. There are two main branches of ministerial responsibility. One is individual ministerial responsibility—that is, a minister’s obligation to account to Parliament for his or her words and actions and for those of his or her civil servants. The second branch of ministerial responsibility is collective ministerial responsibility. Amongst other things, collective ministerial responsibility prescribes that decisions reached by the Cabinet or other ministerial committees are binding on all members of the government, regardless of whether or not the individual ministers agree with them.

Regulation of robotics: Analysis of the leading countries’ experience

The paper compares and analyzes the experiences leading states have had in robotics regulation; on the basis of the identifi best practices, proposals are formulated for Russia in the corresponding fi d. The relevance of the research is determined by the rapid growth of the global robotics market over the last decade, as well as the introduction of robots in the widest range of human activities. The leading countries in the international robotics market were selected using the benchmarking method. A comparative analysis of the regulation in the fi d of robotics was conducted through a comparison matrix composed of several criteria. The criteria included the existence of regulations and a national program for the development of robotics, the presence of responsible government bodies or organizations, and sectoral “regulatory sandboxes”. It was discovered that, of the four studied countries (the Republic of Korea, Japan, Germany, and Russia), only one has all the components of the robotics regulation system. The authors formulated certain recommendations aimed at improving the corresponding domestic regulation system. In particular, considering the best practices of foreign countries, the parties concerned are encouraged to adopt a sectoral normative legal act, as well as to establish a specialized state agency.

Budaya Batak Toba dalam Pelayanan Pariwisata Danau Toba di Parapat

Toba Batak culture is very important for the development of Lake Toba tourism in Parapat. Toba 3H Batak culture (Hamoraon, Hagabeon, and Hasangapon) is a culture that is strongly held by the Toba Batak people. And the culture is carried out in daily living habits including the way the Toba Batak people in Parapat treat tourists and if tourists are satisfied, of course there will be tourism development. So in this study will look at the attitudes, attention, actions, and anticipation of tourism actors both local Toba Batak communities, business people and related parties in increasing the development of tourism in Parapat. The methodology used in this research is qualitative research with a descriptive approach. The informants in this study were key informants in this study were tribal chiefs who knew Batak culture well, the main informants in this study were domestic tourists with Toba Batak and foreign tourists who ended up in Parapat and additional informants in this study were business actors and givers tourism services such as traders, hotel entrepreneurs, restaurant entrepreneurs, hotel servants, restaurant servants, parking attendants, etc., and tourism observers and responsible government agencies such as the Tourism Office and BPS The results of this study indicate that Batak Toba culture can have a positive and negative impact on Lake Toba tourism, but in this study it was seen that Batba Toba 3H culture had a negative impact on the development of tourism. It can be seen how the Toba Batak people serve tourists. The obstacles faced are the habit of the Batak Toba people who are very hard and want to be respected, making tourists not want to return to Parapat

THE PARLIAMENTS OF CANADA AND PAKISTAN: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF STRENGTHS AND WEAK

Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to make a deeper analysis of the parliament of Canada and Pakistan. This research deals with comparing two similar parliamentary systems. The two countries, i.e. Canada and Pakistan were chosen because of their majority electoral system and to a lesser extent, alike political trends. This research analyzed the weaknesses and strengths of both the legislative systems. Method: Data related to this topic has been collected from secondary sources such as reports, journal articles, and books. This research work is analytical as well as descriptive in nature. Qualitative techniques have been applied to investigate the research questions. Main Findings: This study acknowledges that the parliamentary form of government is the most representative and most efficient system of government that is running successfully in different countries. Parliament safeguards the political views of the citizens and thus provides them with all possible opportunities for more participation in the government. It creates a cohesive and strong party system. The main finding to be acquired from this study is that one problem that is common to both nations is provincial imbalance. However, overall it can be said that Canada has accommodated its provinces effectively through its responsible government, democratic system, and granting maximum autonomy. Another factor that is a major problem in Pakistan but not so in Canada is the branches of government overstepping their jurisdiction. Application of the Study: Using the yardstick of the function of legislation and making comparative references with other political systems was very useful in summarizing this research. Whatever weaknesses and criticisms may be discussed the overall fact is that the job done by these parliaments is undoubtedly necessary and useful and it is hoped this study may serve as a guideline for future parliaments to make them more efficient. The Originality of the Study: This research argues that a parliamentary system is a more desirable and efficient system of government than others. This research explains the differences between both these systems. Both the houses of these parliaments provide separate services that require separate investigation and throw further light on the subject.

DISTRIBUTING COVID-19 RELIEF FUNDS IN NIGERIA: PERSPECTIVES FROM JOHN RAWLS’ DISTRIBUTIVE THEORY OF JUSTICE

This paper argues that every responsible government has an obligation, to the best of its ability, to ensure an adequate provision of economic welfare and healthcare for its citizens. In view of this global pandemic, the Nigerian government, like many other nations, has urgently developed a plan to provide health and economic assistance to the tens of millions of people who are vulnerable. However, the provision of these palliatives by the government designed to assuage the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the poor and vulnerable Nigerians is not fairly undertaken. Adopting an expository and analytic approach, this paper examines the role of the government in distributing the COVID- 19 relief funds; in doing this, the questions in this paper are in two fronts: firstly, what constitutes vulnerability and who is vulnerable? Secondly, what is the criterion adopted by the government for determining who benefits from these palliatives? Finally, the paper proposes a model for assessing the role of government in the distribution of palliatives from the prism of John Rawls’s principle of distributive justice. This is imperative because the fair distribution of relief funds and benefits from the government will further ease the burdens, and it will fundamentally affect the people’s wellbeing.