scholarly journals Diversity and Geographical Distribution of Sand Flies Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Phlebotominae) by using Geometric Morphometric Technique from two Iraqi Provinces

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 0754
Author(s):  
Sahar Abd Abd ◽  
Riyadh Okail ◽  
Soolaf A. Kathiar ◽  
Nawras Mzahem
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Phlebotomus Papatasi ◽  
Centroid Size ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Geometric Morphometry ◽  
Size And Shape

            The variation in wing morphological features was investigated using geometric morphometric technique of the Sand Fly from two Iraqi provinces Babylon and Diyala . We distributed eleven landmarks on the wings of Sand Fly species. By using the centroid size and shape together, all species were clearly distinguished.  It is clear from these results that the wing analysis is an essential method for future geometric morphometry studies to distinguish the species of Sand Flies in Iraq.

scholarly journals Development of a Diagnostic Marker for Phlebotomus papatasi to Initiate a Potential Vector Surveillance Program in North America

Insects ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Austin Merchant ◽  
Tian Yu ◽  
Jizhe Shi ◽  
Xuguo Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Identification ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Phlebotomus Papatasi ◽  
Diagnostic Assay ◽  
Vector Surveillance ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Imminent Threat

Phlebotomus papatasi, an Old World sand fly species, is primarily responsible for the transmission of leishmaniasis, a highly infectious and potentially lethal disease. International travel, especially military rotations, between domestic locations and P. papatasi-prevalent regions in the Middle East poses an imminent threat to the public health of US citizens. Because of its small size and cryptic morphology, identification of P. papatasi is challenging and labor-intensive. Here, we developed a ribosomal DNA-polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnostic assay that is capable of detecting P. papatasi genomic DNA from mixed samples containing multiple sand flies native to the Americas. Serial dilution of P. papatasi samples demonstrated that this diagnostic assay could detect one P. papatasi from up to 255 non-target sand flies. Due to its simplicity, sensitivity and specificity, this rapid identification tool is suited for a long-term surveillance program to screen for the presence of P. papatasi in the continental United States and to reveal geographical regions potentially vulnerable to sand fly-borne diseases.

scholarly journals Morphological identification keys for adults of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Sri Lanka

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tharaka Wijerathna ◽  
Nayana Gunathilaka
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Health Staff ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Identification Keys ◽  
Control Programmes

Abstract Background Phlebotomine sand flies are a medically important group of insects that is responsible for the transmission of leishmaniasis. Surveillance plays a major role in vector control programmes through exploring species abundance, potential entomological risk and designing appropriate control measures. In field surveillance programmes of such nature, morphological identification of vector species is of paramount importance. However, in Sri Lanka, there is no published taxonomic key available for the identification of leishmaniasis vectors. Method Identification keys for both male and females of the sand flies recorded in Sri Lanka were developed using morphological features. Main identification features were compared with the original observation of specimens collected from surveys and the use of published literature. Photographic illustrations of morphological features are included with the intention of making the keys user-friendly for non-taxonomists. Results A total of 22 sand fly species (Diptera: Psychodidae) of the genera Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia reported in Sri Lanka from 1910 to 2019 are included in the present work. Conclusion This simplified key, along with photographs taken from specimens would be beneficial to the health staff, entomologists and research staff who deal with leishmaniasis control programmes and vector-related studies.

scholarly journals The known geographical distribution of sand flies in the State of Acre, Brasil (Diptera: Psychodidae)

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 401-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge R. Arias ◽  
◽  
Rui A. de Freitas
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
The State ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Total Species ◽  
State Records

Abstract We report sand fly collections in the proximity of two major cities in the state of Acre, Brazil, and cite 19 species as new state records. These, along with other previously recorded phlebotomines from Acre, bring the total species count to 50.

scholarly journals CRISPR/Cas9 Mutagenesis in Phlebotomus papatasi: the Immune Deficiency Pathway Impacts Vector Competence for Leishmania major

mBio ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Louradour ◽  
Kashinath Ghosh ◽  
Ehud Inbar ◽  
David L. Sacks
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Targeted Mutagenesis ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Phlebotomus Papatasi ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Imd Pathway

ABSTRACT Sand flies are the natural vectors for the Leishmania species that produce a spectrum of diseases in their mammalian hosts, including humans. Studies of sand fly/Leishmania interactions have been limited by the absence of genome editing techniques applicable to these insects. In this report, we adapted CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeat)/Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9) technology to the Phlebotomus papatasi sand fly, a natural vector for Leishmania major, targeting the sand fly immune deficiency (IMD) pathway in order to decipher its contribution to vector competence. We established a protocol for transformation in P. papatasi and were able to generate transmissible null mutant alleles for Relish (Rel), the only transcription factor of the IMD pathway. While the maintenance of a homozygous mutant stock was severely compromised, we were able to establish in an early generation their greater susceptibility to infection with L. major. Flies carrying different heterozygous mutant alleles variably displayed a more permissive phenotype, presenting higher loads of parasites or greater numbers of infective-stage promastigotes. Together, our data show (i) the successful adaptation of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology to sand flies and (ii) the impact of the sand fly immune response on vector competence for Leishmania parasites. IMPORTANCE Sand flies are the natural vectors of Leishmania parasites. Studies of sand fly/Leishmania interactions have been limited by the lack of successful genomic manipulation of these insects. This paper shows the first example of successful targeted mutagenesis in sand flies via adaptation of the CRISPR/Cas9 editing technique. We generated transmissible null mutant alleles of relish, a gene known to be essential for the control of immune response in other insects. In addition to the expected higher level of susceptibility to bacteria, the mutant flies presented higher loads of parasites when infected with L. major, showing that the sand fly immune response impacts its vector competence for this pathogen.

scholarly journals Seasonal dynamics of Phlebotomus Papatasi (Scopoli, 1786) (Diptera: Psychodidae) population in southern Republic of Moldova

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Sulesco ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Dynamics ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Phlebotomus Papatasi ◽  
Light Traps ◽  
Phlebotomine Sand Flies ◽  
Republic Of Moldova ◽  
Genus Leishmania

Phlebotomine sand flies are vectors of several infectious pathogens, including parasitic protozoans of the genus Leishmania and phleboviruses. Increasing sand fly biting nuisance reported by residents from southern Republic of Moldova since 2011 initiated this study. Ceadir-Lunga, a semi-urban locality in southern Republic of Moldova was selected for seasonal sand fly collections outdoors and indoors in 2015 and 2017 using CDC light traps and manual aspirators. Continuous trapping showed markedly longer activity of P. papatasi indoors. Specimens were collected from first aspirations in the second half of June until last collections in mid-September, suggesting that the actual indoor activity of P. papatasi may have been longer. Low numbers of trapped specimens do not allow make accurate conclusions regarding the seasonal dynamics.

scholarly journals The known geographical distribution of sand flies in the state of Rondonia, Brazil (Diptera: Psychodidae)

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ceclie B. Biancardi ◽  
◽  
Jorge R. Arias ◽  
Rui A. de Freitas ◽  
Eloy G. Castellon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
The State ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Sand Flies

Abstract This study expands the knowledge of phlebotomine sand fly distribution in the state of Rondonia, Brazil. New state and country records are registered, bringing the total of known sand fly species in Rondonia to 78.

LutzoDex™—A digital key for Brazilian sand flies (Diptera, Phlebotominae) within an Android App

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4688 (3) ◽  
pp. 382-388
Author(s):  
DOUGLAS DE ALMEIDA ROCHA ◽  
MAXWELL RAMOS DE ALMEIDA ◽  
JAINAINE ABRANTES DE SENA BATISTA ◽  
ANDREY JOSÉ DE ANDRADE
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Mobile Application ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Leishmania Spp ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Android App ◽  
Google Play

Here we present an Android mobile application (app) for the identification of Brazilian phlebotomine sand fly species. The app, which is named LutzoDex™, relies on information included in a data source with morphological and morphometrical characters. This tool can present up to seven answer options to a question. Images of morphological structures can be referenced to make identification easier, and users can see a list of possible species based on the features they report. Maps are also used to determine the geographical distribution and whether the species is incriminated or suspected as a vector of Leishmania spp. in Brazil. The app is available free of charge in both English and Portuguese in the Google Play Store at https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=max.com.lutzodex&hl=pt_BR. 

scholarly journals Diversity and Dynamics of Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of Two Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Foci in the Fes-Boulemane Region of Northern Morocco

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatima Zahra Talbi ◽  
Chafika Faraj ◽  
Fouad EL-Akhal ◽  
Fatiha El Khayyat ◽  
Driss Chenfour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Phlebotomus Papatasi ◽  
Phlebotomus Perniciosus ◽  
Phlebotomus Sergenti ◽  
Sergentomyia Minuta ◽  
Two Peaks

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an infectious disease caused by various species ofLeishmaniaand transmitted by several species of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae). In order to evaluate the risk of leishmaniasis transmission in Fes-Boulemane, an investigation was carried out in two localities, Aichoun and Bouasseme, during 2011. From January to December, 1120 specimens were collected in Aichoun comprising six species belonging to two genera:Phlebotomus sergenti(76.07%),Phlebotomus longicuspis(9.01%),Phlebotomus perniciosus(8.48%),Phlebotomus papatasi(4.82%),Sergentomyia minuta,andSergentomyia fallax. For Bouasseme, seven species were identified withPhlebotomus sergenti(60.39%) dominating, followed byPhlebotomus perniciosus(20%) andPhlebotomus longicuspis(12.15%). The remaining species,Phlebotomus papatasi,Phlebotomus ariasi,Sergentomyia minuta,andSergentomyia fallax,were less prevalent. The activity of sand flies in both localities is marked by the dominance ofPh. sergentiwith two peaks occurring in June and September. In order to obtain a better understanding of sand fly diversity among their species, results were analyzed by the ecological indices determinant: specific richness, the relative abundance, and Shannon-Weiner index (H′). Further studies of sand fly diversity should employ statistical tests and molecular analyses. This study can be useful in the implementation of appropriate future control measures.

scholarly journals Designing and Introducing a New Artificial Feeding Apparatus for Sand Fly Rearing

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahboubeh Fatemi ◽  
Zahra Saeidi ◽  
Parviz Noruzian ◽  
Amir Ahmad Akhavan
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Artificial Feeding ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Phlebotomus Papatasi ◽  
Feeding Apparatus ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Membrane Feeding ◽  
Chicken Skin ◽  
New Apparatus

Background: Due to strict ethical rules, the risk of accidental disease transmission and the most importantly, inconven­ience regarding using of live animals, artificial feeding apparatus has been developed for colonization of haematophagous insects. Rearing of sandfly is more difficult than other haematophagous insects. Methods: In the current study, a new apparatus for membrane feeding of Phlebotomus papatasi was designed, made and compared with available apparatus in Sand Fly Insectary, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, in 2014. Results: In comparison to other apparatus designed for artificial feeding of other arthropods, our designed apparatus had the highest performance which after up to 1h, the majority of sand flies landed and took blood and among tested membranes, chicken skin was proved the most efficient membrane. Conclusion: Sand fly artificial feeding apparatus can be used at least for rearing of Ph. papatasi.

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