Integrity Evaluation and Management in High Temperature High Pressure and High Production Rate Wells in Southwest China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dajiang Zhu ◽  
Yu Fan ◽  
Huali Zhang ◽  
Yufei Li ◽  
Lin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Southwest China ◽  
Leak Detection ◽  
Strength Analysis ◽  
Depth Range ◽  
Well Integrity ◽  
High Production Rate ◽  
High Production

Abstract The Longwangmiao (referred to as LM) gas field in southwest China has characteristics of high temperature (144~156 °C), high pressure(75~76 MPa), and high production rate (70~100×104 m3/d). Serious well integrity problems were encountered in the development process; 21% of 56 wells were subjected to sustained casing pressure (SCP)(≥20 MPa). Downhole leak detection logs indicated the main cause was tubing connection leakage at a depth range of 0~2400 m. Wellhead growth was present in 33 wells and 4 wells exhibited gas leakage through wellhead valves. Theoretical analysis and field tests were conducted to investigate and manage well integrity problems. A method to calculate the allowable pressure for different annuli was proposed based on string strength analysis, and downhole leak detection was conducted using ultrasonic leak detection method. A multi-string mechanical model to predict wellhead growth was established and the threshold values were calculated under different gas rates. According to the structure of wellhead, a method based on ultrasonic phased array to detect the work state of the wellhead was adopted, which measured the actual thickness of key valves to evaluate service life. For wells with SCP, the allowable pressure for different annuli was calculated and the pressure management charts were drawn and all wells were in steady production. Downhole leak detection showed that SCP in the A annulus (annulus between the tubing and production casing) was caused by connection leakage of tubing. In newly completed wells, a premium connection was adopted based on tests under cyclic structural and environmental thermal loads that the connections may encounter at various production phases, and the total ratio of SCP in newly completed wells decreased by 31.4%. Wellhead growth was predicted and compared with actual data, which showed an increase in average accuracy of 20~30% compared to the results from the WellCAT software. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the length of un-cemented casing and the production rate were the critical factors affecting the wellhead growth. The valve leakage of FF level material wellhead was caused due to corrosion after the removal of the coating, and no leakage was detected in the HH level material wellhead. Thickness survey showed that the average reduction was 0.085 mm~0.23 mm for HH wellhead, and 1.12 mm~2.24 mm for FF wellhead.

scholarly journals Isotope separation of 176Lu a precursor to 177Lu medical isotope using broadband lasers

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. Suryanarayana
Keyword(s):  
Production Rate ◽  
Isotope Separation ◽  
Medical Applications ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
High Production Rate ◽  
Laser Isotope Separation ◽  
High Production ◽  
System Requirements ◽  
Medical Isotope ◽  
Rhodamine Dye

AbstractA new photoionization scheme accessible by Rhodamine dye lasers is proposed for the isotope separation of 176Lu.$$5d6s^{2}\,{^{2}D_{{3/2}}} (0.0\, {\text{cm}}^{{ - 1}} )\mathop{\longrightarrow}\limits^{{573.8130\, {\text{nm}}}}5d6s6p\,{^{4}F_{{3/2}}^{o}} \left( {17427.28\, {\text{cm}}^{{ - 1}} } \right)\mathop{\longrightarrow}\limits^{{560.3114\, {\text{nm}}}}$$ 5 d 6 s 2 2 D 3 / 2 ( 0.0 cm - 1 ) ⟶ 573.8130 nm 5 d 6 s 6 p 4 F 3 / 2 o 17427.28 cm - 1 ⟶ 560.3114 nm $$6s{6p}^{2}\,{^{4}{P}_{5/2}}\left(35274.5 \,{\text{cm}}^{-1}\right){\to } Autoionization\, State {\to }{Lu}^{+}$$ 6 s 6 p 2 4 P 5 / 2 35274.5 cm - 1 → A u t o i o n i z a t i o n S t a t e → Lu + Optimum conditions for the laser isotope separation have been theoretically computed and compared with the previously reported work. The enrichment of ~ 63% can be obtained with > 22 mg/h production rate even when broadband lasers with bandwidth of 500 MHz are employed for the two step excitation. The simplified system requirements for the photoionization scheme combined with a high production rate of 176Lu than previously reported is expected to reduce the global shortage of 176Lu isotope for medical applications.

scholarly journals Can Frequency Account for the Grammatical Choices of Children and Adults in Nominal Modification Contexts? Evidence from Elicited Production and Child-Directed Speech

Languages ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Emanuela Sanfelici ◽  
Petra Schulz
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Spontaneous Speech ◽  
Production Task ◽  
Specific Context ◽  
High Production Rate ◽  
High Production ◽  
Acquisition Order

There is consensus that languages possess several grammatical variants satisfying the same conversational function. Nevertheless, it is a matter of debate which principles guide the adult speaker’s choice and the child’s acquisition order of these variants. Various proposals have suggested that frequency shapes adult language use and language acquisition. Taking the domain of nominal modification as its testing ground, this paper explores in two studies the role that frequency of structures plays for adults’ and children’s structural choices in German. In Study 1, 133 three- to six-year-old children and 21 adults were tested with an elicited production task prompting participants to identify an agent or a patient referent among a set of alternatives. Study 2 analyzed a corpus of child-directed speech to examine the frequency of passive relative clauses, which children, similar to adults, produced very often in Study 1. Importantly, passive relatives were found to be infrequent in the child input. These two results show that the high production rate of rare structures, such as passive relatives, is difficult to account for with frequency. We claim that the relation between frequency in natural speech and use of a given variant in a specific context is indirect: speakers may opt for the less grammatically complex computation rather than for the variant most frequently used in spontaneous speech.

Experimental Study of DRA for Vertical Two-Phase Annular Flow

2009 ◽  
Vol 131 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. J. Fernandes ◽  
B. A. Fleck ◽  
T. R. Heidrick ◽  
L. Torres ◽  
M. G. Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Gradient ◽  
Drag Reduction ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Annular Flow ◽  
Liquid Holdup ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
High Production Rate ◽  
High Production ◽  
Feasibility Test ◽  
Main Effects

Experimental investigation of drag reduction in vertical two-phase annular flow is presented. The work is a feasibility test for applying drag reducing additives (DRAs) in high production-rate gas-condensate wells where friction in the production tubing limits the production rate. The DRAs are intended to reduce the overall pressure gradient and thereby increase the production rate. Since such wells typically operate in the annular-entrained flow regime, the gas and liquid velocities were chosen such that the experiments were in a vertical two-phase annular flow. The drag reducers had two main effects on the flow. As expected, they reduced the frictional component of the pressure gradient by up to 74%. However, they also resulted in a significant increase in the liquid holdup by up to 27%. This phenomenon is identified as “DRA-induced flooding.” Since the flow was vertical, the increase in the liquid holdup increased the hydrostatic component of the pressure gradient by up to 25%, offsetting some of reduction in the frictional component of the pressure gradient. The DRA-induced flooding was most pronounced at the lowest gas velocities. However, the results show that in the annular flow the net effect will generally be a reduction in the overall pressure gradient by up to 82%. The findings here help to establish an envelope of operations for the application of multiphase drag reduction in vertical flows and indicate the conditions where a significant net reduction of the pressure gradient may be expected.

scholarly journals Rapid Turnover and High Production Rate of Myeloid Cells in Adult Rhesus Macaques with Compensations during Aging

2018 ◽  
Vol 200 (12) ◽  
pp. 4059-4067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziyuan He ◽  
Carolina Allers ◽  
Chie Sugimoto ◽  
Nursarat Ahmed ◽  
Hideki Fujioka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Rate ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Myeloid Cells ◽  
Rapid Turnover ◽  
High Production Rate ◽  
High Production

High production rate of crystallization process in TFA-MOD method for YBCO coated conductors

2006 ◽  
Vol 445-448 ◽  
pp. 553-557
Author(s):  
Ryo Teranishi ◽  
Sukeharu Nomoto ◽  
Junko Matsuda ◽  
Yuji Aoki ◽  
Koichi Nakaoka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Rate ◽  
Crystallization Process ◽  
Coated Conductors ◽  
High Production Rate ◽  
High Production ◽  
Ybco Coated Conductors

Designing compartmentalized hydrogel microparticles for cell encapsulation and scalable 3D cell culture

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yen-Chun Lu ◽  
Wei Song ◽  
Duo An ◽  
Beum Jun Kim ◽  
Robert Schwartz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
3D Cell Culture ◽  
Cell Encapsulation ◽  
Uniform Size ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Hydrogel Microparticles ◽  
High Production Rate ◽  
High Production

Compartmentalized hydrogel microparticles with high production rate, uniform size and shape, and tunable ECM support were developed for various scalable 3D cell culture applications.

Towards the practical PLD-IBAD coated conductor fabrication – Long wire, high production rate and Jc enhancement in a magnetic field

2006 ◽  
Vol 445-448 ◽  
pp. 504-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yutaka Yamada ◽  
Akira Ibi ◽  
Hiroyuki Fukushima ◽  
Reiji Kuriki ◽  
Seiki Miyata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Coated Conductor ◽  
High Production Rate ◽  
High Production

High production rate of IBAD-MgO buffered substrate

2009 ◽  
Vol 469 (15-20) ◽  
pp. 1361-1363 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Yoshizumi ◽  
S. Miyata ◽  
A. Ibi ◽  
H. Fukushima ◽  
Y. Yamada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Rate ◽  
High Production Rate ◽  
High Production
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