Treating and Permitting of Produced Water for Discharge to Surface Water

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.E.. E. Dan Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Produce Water ◽  
Flowback Water ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
Minimal Treatment ◽  
Centralized Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Direct Discharge

Abstract The recycling and reuse of produced water (defined as hydraulic fracturing flowback water and formation water) is an increasing practice driven by competing demands for water sources and limited options for produced water disposal. The final disposition of reused/recycled produced water dictates the level of treatment with typically minimal treatment required when produce water is reused for fracturing subsequent wells and higher levels of treatment required when produced water is recycled for other purposes or potentially discharged to surface water bodies. The latter scenario, discharge of treated produced water is specifically addressed. Clean Water Act National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits for direct discharge of oil and gas generated discharge are currently prohibited east of the 98th meridian. West of the 98th meridian, direct discharge of treated oil and gas wastewater is allowed under specific conditions. Regardless of location (east or west of the 98th meridian), centralized wastewater treatment facilities (CWTs) can be permitted to treat and discharge oil and gas wastewater or CWT discharge may be accepted for further treatment and ultimate discharge at publically owned wastewater treatment facilities (POTWs). The EPA is currently developing effluent limitation guidelines (ELGs) for pretreatment of oil and gas wastewater sent to POTWs for treatment and discharge and recently submitted for comment Final 2012 and Preliminary 2014 Effluent Guidelines Program Plans; both addressed in this paper. Discussed are the various treatment technologies currently deployed and permitting issues associated with the treatment facilities. When treating produced water for discharge, constituent levels in the effluent stream and the waste side streams (consisting of a concentration of constituents removed as part of the water treatment processes) must be monitored to ensure proper management.

Emerging investigator series: radium accumulation in carbonate river sediments at oil and gas produced water discharges: implications for beneficial use as disposal management

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 324-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonnie McDevitt ◽  
Molly McLaughlin ◽  
Charles A. Cravotta ◽  
Moses A. Ajemigbitse ◽  
Katherine J. Van Sice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
River Sediments ◽  
Gas Wells ◽  
Beneficial Use ◽  
Oil And Gas Wells

In the western U.S., produced water from oil and gas wells discharged to surface water augments downstream supplies used for irrigation and livestock watering.

Produced Water Reuse for Drilling and Completion Fluids Using Ion Exchange Resins

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hind S. Dossary ◽  
Fahd I. Alghunaimi ◽  
Young C. Choi
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Ion Exchange Resin ◽  
Produce Water ◽  
Bromide Ions ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Completion Fluids

Abstract Produced water is considered one of the largest by volume waste streams and one of the most challenging effluents in the oil and gas industry. This is due to the variety of contaminants that make up produce water. A variety of treatment methods have been studied and implemented. These methods aim to reduce the hydrocarbon content and the number of contaminants in produced water to meet the disposal, reuse, and environmental regulations. These contaminants can include dispersed oil droplets, suspended solids, dissolved solids, heavy metals, and other production chemicals. Some of those contaminates have value and can be a commodity in different applications such as bromine (Br). Bromine ions can be used to form calcium bromide, which is considered one of the most effective drilling agents and is used extensively in drilling and completion operations. This paper aims to highlight the utilization and the new extraction method of bromide ions from produced water to form calcium bromide (CaBr2). The conventional preparation of calcium-bromide drilling and completion fluids involves adding solid calcium-bromide salts to the water, which can be relatively expensive. Another method can involve the handling of strong oxidants and toxic gas to form solid calcium bromide. The novel method outlined in this paper is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way of generating calcium bromide from produced water. The method includes processing the produced water to recover bromide ions. This is done by first passing the produced water through a resin bed, including bromine-specific ion exchange resin, where the bromide ions will adsorb/absorb onto the resin, as shown in Figure-1. The second step involves regenerating the resin with regenerant having calcium cations and water to form calcium bromide. The final stage is generating the calcium bromide in the water from the bed of resin by introducing concentrated CaCl2, forming a concentrated solution of water and calcium bromide. The developed solution will be further processed to give drilling and completion fluids. This novel method constitutes a good example of produced water utilization in different applications to minimize waste and reduce the costs of forming highly consumable materials.

Creating Value for the High-Saline Bakken Produced Water by Optimizing its Viscoelastic Properties and Proppant Carrying Tendency with High-Viscosity Friction Reducers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olusegun Stanley Tomomewo ◽  
Michael Daniel Mann ◽  
Abdulaziz Ellafi ◽  
Hadi Jabbari ◽  
Clement Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Fracturing ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Bakken Formation ◽  
Horizontal Drilling ◽  
Produce Water ◽  
Environmental Footprints ◽  
Reservoir Conditions

Abstract Since the arrival and advancement of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing (hydrofracturing) technologies, developing and producing unconventional formations like the Bakken Formation have become a mystery solved for operators in North America. This has also made unconventional reservoir assets the central focus of the oil and gas/energy industry at the state, national, and global levels. However, the produced water from these activities has high salt contents (∼110,000 to 350,000 ppm) total dissolve solids (TDS) in the Bakken Formation) and poisonous if untreated and in contact with the environment. The most common disposal method in the Bakken Formation is deep injections into disposal wells. However, there have been some fears that continuous injections, in addition to contaminating the ground water, could potentially lead to seismic activities either at the time of injection or in the near future. If treated and made fit for its respective applications, this water could be reused in the hydrofracturing process, thereby reducing operator costs of water acquisition and disposal. In addition, it could be used for power generation or to support coal mining and irrigation. Previous studies have discussed various means of improving the quality of the produced water. However, none have been able to cope with the issue of wastewater and residual oil high in TDS. This paper aims to study all relevant means that allow the Bakken Formation to produce water that can be used as an alternative based fluid for use with polymers like high viscosity friction reducers (HVFRs) to make hydraulic fracturing fluids that will be stable with reservoir conditions and able to reduce environmental footprints and operating costs. This research presents an experimental investigation using the Bakken Formation's hypersaline water with HVFRs. This work includes experimental research divided into base case scenarios that serve as a standard for comparison of the effectiveness of the other cases. The results show that the Bakken water high in TDS treated with higher dosages (4-8 GPT) of HVFRs withstand the effect of hardness, salinity, and heavy metals and remain stable at various shear rates (66-330 s−1). No treatment was done on the Bakken produced water except filtration and dilution.

scholarly journals Wastewater management approach in an industrial park

2018 ◽  
Vol 2017 (2) ◽  
pp. 546-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Liu ◽  
M. Tang
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Management Framework ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Industrial Parks ◽  
Analytical Protocol ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
Centralized Wastewater Treatment

Abstract Many industrial parks adopt a two-tier wastewater management framework whereby tenants and the park are required to build satellite and centralized wastewater treatment facilities, respectively. Due to the diversity of industrial wastewaters, the treatment process scheme in the public centralized wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) may not suit the characteristics of all effluents discharged from the tenants. In consideration of varying wastewater biodegradability, the treatment scheme in a centralized WWTP is advised to install two series of treatment processes. In detail, various effluents from the tenants shall be commingled according to their levels of biodegradability. For the non-biodegradable streams, advanced oxidation processes shall be applied in addition to biological treatments. To facilitate the grouping of effluents, each effluent will be evaluated for its biodegradability. An analytical protocol derived from OECD standard (TG302B) was developed and found effective for biodegradability assessment. A case study is described in this paper to showcase the methodology.

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE AT THE ENTERPRISES OF THE TAMBOV INDUSTRIAL HUB

2020 ◽  
pp. 41-45
Author(s):  
Ryazanov A.V. ◽  
Mozharov A.V. ◽  
Zawershinskiy A.N.
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Toxic Waste ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
The City

One of the reasons for the current global environmental crisis is the intense anthropogenic impact on water bodies, which results in their depletion and pollution. The source of the negative impact is, in particular, insufficiently treated wastewater from industrial enterprises. Depending on the technological processes used, toxicants can enter the water bodies along with the effluents, which pose a serious threat to them. The aim of the work is to consider the features of water supply and wastewater disposal of enterprises that make up the industrial hub of the city of Tambov. The work used methods of analysis of technical documentation and statistical reporting characterizing the qualitative and quantitative composition of wastewater. Water supply of the considered enterprises is carried out from the city water supply network and own artesian wells. All enterprises do not have full-fledged treatment facilities capable of carrying out a full cycle of wastewater treatment with bringing them to a standard clean state. The use of galvanic technologies in production requires preliminary cleaning at local treatment facilities. Then the wastewater goes to the city wastewater treatment plant, where it is processed together with the municipal wastewater. Normally clean and storm water flows directly into the surface water body. The largest enterprise of the industrial hub pumps its industrial effluents into deep aquifers. Over the entire period of its operation, over 52 million m3 of liquid toxic waste was injected. As a result, a zone of contaminated groundwater was formed under the enterprise and adjacent territories. In them, the excess of the maximum permissible concentrations for a number of parameters is constantly noted. Thus, this enterprise is a source of powerful, direct negative impact on groundwater and, indirectly, on surface water. This led to the emergence of a zone of sustainable environmental risk.

scholarly journals Produced Water Treatment Planning Using Corrugated Plate Interceptor and Ultra Filtration for Water Recycling

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Novena Lany Pangestu ◽  
Nurulbaiti Listyendah Zahra ◽  
Ariyanti Sarwono ◽  
I Wayan Koko Suryawan
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Planning ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Design Criteria ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Produce Water ◽  
Produced Water Treatment ◽  
Ultra Filtration

Produced water generated by the oil and gas industry, when treated properly, will produce water that is ready to be reused, such as for watering plants. This planning is done by treating the produced water with Corrugated Plate Interceptor (CPI) and Ultra Filtration units. This research aims to analyze the design details needed in the recycling of produced water with CPI and Ultra Filtration units. After determining the design criteria used, the dimensions for each unit are obtained. Data was collected using secondary data directly from the study site and quantitative method was used for data analysis. The land area for one CPI unit requires 55 m2 with a volume of 110 m3. The Reynolds number and Froude number for CPI units meet the design criteria with 419.8 and 0.24, respectively. The ultra-filtration unit was selected with a Flux specification of 0.15 m3/m2.hour with an operational duration of 24 hours. The results of processing with the CPI unit can at least produce oil and fat effluent of 0.038 mg/L, with the threshold for water quality is 1 mg/L. Produced water treatment planning with CPI configuration and UF membrane with storage tank requires a total land area of 63.97 m2..

Potential of recovering elements from produced water at oil and gas fields, British Columbia, Canada

CIM Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 195-214
Author(s):  
G. J. Simandl ◽  
C. Akam ◽  
M. Yakimoski ◽  
D. Richardson ◽  
A. Teucher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Oil And Gas Fields ◽  
Gas Fields
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