Produced Water Reuse for Drilling and Completion Fluids Using Ion Exchange Resins

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hind S. Dossary ◽  
Fahd I. Alghunaimi ◽  
Young C. Choi
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Ion Exchange Resin ◽  
Produce Water ◽  
Bromide Ions ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Completion Fluids

Abstract Produced water is considered one of the largest by volume waste streams and one of the most challenging effluents in the oil and gas industry. This is due to the variety of contaminants that make up produce water. A variety of treatment methods have been studied and implemented. These methods aim to reduce the hydrocarbon content and the number of contaminants in produced water to meet the disposal, reuse, and environmental regulations. These contaminants can include dispersed oil droplets, suspended solids, dissolved solids, heavy metals, and other production chemicals. Some of those contaminates have value and can be a commodity in different applications such as bromine (Br). Bromine ions can be used to form calcium bromide, which is considered one of the most effective drilling agents and is used extensively in drilling and completion operations. This paper aims to highlight the utilization and the new extraction method of bromide ions from produced water to form calcium bromide (CaBr2). The conventional preparation of calcium-bromide drilling and completion fluids involves adding solid calcium-bromide salts to the water, which can be relatively expensive. Another method can involve the handling of strong oxidants and toxic gas to form solid calcium bromide. The novel method outlined in this paper is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way of generating calcium bromide from produced water. The method includes processing the produced water to recover bromide ions. This is done by first passing the produced water through a resin bed, including bromine-specific ion exchange resin, where the bromide ions will adsorb/absorb onto the resin, as shown in Figure-1. The second step involves regenerating the resin with regenerant having calcium cations and water to form calcium bromide. The final stage is generating the calcium bromide in the water from the bed of resin by introducing concentrated CaCl2, forming a concentrated solution of water and calcium bromide. The developed solution will be further processed to give drilling and completion fluids. This novel method constitutes a good example of produced water utilization in different applications to minimize waste and reduce the costs of forming highly consumable materials.

Removal of dissolved and dispersed hydrocarbons from oil and gas produced water with Macro Porous Polymer Extraction technology to reduce toxicity and allow water reuse

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dick Meijer ◽  
Chris Madin
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Porous Polymer ◽  
Extraction Technology ◽  
The North

Legislation worldwide and current technologies used in the treatment of offshore oil and gas/condensate produced water are mainly aimed at the removal of dispersed hydrocarbons (dispersed oil). From the beginning of this century, new insights in the North Sea area revealed that specific contaminants in produced water are toxic and their impact on the environment was assessed. This insight was later supported by work in the Philippines. A comparison of water with the same total organic carbon (TOC) levels showed in one case that the unknown toxic content was higher with an unexpected disastrous effect on the biocultures. Overall parameters like biological, chemical and total oxygen demand (BOD, COD and TOC) are of no value in identifying and managing the toxic content of waste and produced water streams. New extraction based technologies such as the Macro Porous Polymer Extraction (MPPE) technology appear to remove dispersed and dissolved toxic constituents and reduce the environmental impact. Industrial applications show a >99% toxic content reduction in produced water streams. A recent application (at Woodside Petroleum’s Pluto LNG project) is described where the ultimate reuse of produced water was as demineralised water in an LNG plant. Emerging potential is presented for floating LNG plants currently investigated in conceptual studies by the oil and gas industry. Finally, fundamental technological mechanisms are presented that are required to meet zero harmful discharge legislation.

scholarly journals Experimental Evaluation of Anion Exchange Membranes for the Desalination of (Waste) Water Produced after Polymer-Flooding

Membranes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 352
Author(s):  
Paulina A. Sosa-Fernández ◽  
Jan W. Post ◽  
Harrison L. Nabaala ◽  
Harry Bruning ◽  
Huub Rijnaarts
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Polymer Flooding ◽  
Limiting Current ◽  
Anion Exchange Membranes ◽  
Ion Exchange Capacity

Electrodialysis (ED) has been recently proposed to desalinate polymer-flooding produced water (PFPW), a byproduct stream from the oil and gas industry rich in charged polymers. However, process performance is limited by fouling occurring on the ion-exchange membranes, particularly on the anionic ones (AEMs). Thus, this study aimed to correlate the properties of different AEMs with their performance while desalinating PFPW, ultimately evaluating their significance when fouling is to be minimized and operation improved. Six stacks containing different homogeneous and commercially available AEMs were employed to desalinate synthetic PFPW during 8-days ED experiments operated in reversal mode. AEMs recovered from the stacks were analyzed in terms of water uptake, ion-exchange capacity, permselectivity, and area resistance, and compared with virgin AEMs. Relatively small changes were measured for most of the parameters evaluated. For most AEMs, the water uptake and resistance increased, while the ion-exchange capacity (IEC) and permselectivity decreased during operation. Ultimately, AEMs with high area resistance were linked to the fast development of limiting current conditions in the stack, so this property turned out to be the most relevant when desalinating PFPW.

scholarly journals Produced Water Treatment Planning Using Corrugated Plate Interceptor and Ultra Filtration for Water Recycling

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Novena Lany Pangestu ◽  
Nurulbaiti Listyendah Zahra ◽  
Ariyanti Sarwono ◽  
I Wayan Koko Suryawan
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Planning ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Design Criteria ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Produce Water ◽  
Produced Water Treatment ◽  
Ultra Filtration

Produced water generated by the oil and gas industry, when treated properly, will produce water that is ready to be reused, such as for watering plants. This planning is done by treating the produced water with Corrugated Plate Interceptor (CPI) and Ultra Filtration units. This research aims to analyze the design details needed in the recycling of produced water with CPI and Ultra Filtration units. After determining the design criteria used, the dimensions for each unit are obtained. Data was collected using secondary data directly from the study site and quantitative method was used for data analysis. The land area for one CPI unit requires 55 m2 with a volume of 110 m3. The Reynolds number and Froude number for CPI units meet the design criteria with 419.8 and 0.24, respectively. The ultra-filtration unit was selected with a Flux specification of 0.15 m3/m2.hour with an operational duration of 24 hours. The results of processing with the CPI unit can at least produce oil and fat effluent of 0.038 mg/L, with the threshold for water quality is 1 mg/L. Produced water treatment planning with CPI configuration and UF membrane with storage tank requires a total land area of 63.97 m2..

scholarly journals Evaluation of Galdieria sulphuraria and Chlorella vulgaris for the Bioremediation of Produced Water

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1183
Author(s):  
Ashiqur Rahman ◽  
Shanglei Pan ◽  
Cymone Houston ◽  
Thinesh Selvaratnam
Keyword(s):  
Chlorella Vulgaris ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Algal Growth ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Galdieria Sulphuraria ◽  
Biomass Density ◽  
Traditional Treatment ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Chemical Contaminants

Produced water (PW) is the largest waste stream generated by the oil and gas industry. Traditional treatment of PW burdens the industry with significant expenses and environmental issues. Alternatively, microalgal-based bioremediation of PW is often viewed as an ecologically safe and sustainable platform for treating PW. Moreover, the nutrients in PW could support algal growth. However, significant dilution of PW is often required in algal-based systems due to the presence of complex chemical contaminants. In light of these facts, the current work has investigated the potential of cultivating Galdieria sulphuraria and Chlorella vulgaris in PW using multiple dilutions; 0% PW, 5% PW, 10% PW, 20% PW, 50% PW and 100% PW. While both algal strains can grow in PW, the current results indicated that G. sulphuraria has a higher potential of growth in up to 50% PW (total dissolved solids of up to 55 g L−1) with a growth rate of 0.72 ± 0.05 g L−1 d−1 and can achieve a final biomass density of 4.28 ± 0.16 g L−1 in seven days without the need for additional micronutrients. Additionally, the algae showed the potential of removing 99.6 ± 0.2% nitrogen and 74.2 ± 8.5% phosphorus from the PW.

scholarly journals A Literature Review of Hybrid System Dynamics and Agent-Based Modeling in a Produced Water Management Context

Modelling ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-239
Author(s):  
Saeed P. Langarudi ◽  
Robert P. Sabie ◽  
Babak Bahaddin ◽  
Alexander G. Fernald
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
System Dynamics ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Hybrid Modeling ◽  
Agent Based

This paper explores the possibility and plausibility of developing a hybrid simulation method combining agent-based (AB) and system dynamics (SD) modeling to address the case study of produced water management (PWM). In southeastern New Mexico, the oil and gas industry generates large volumes of produced water, while at the same time, freshwater resources are scarce. Single-method models are unable to capture the dynamic impacts of PWM on the water budget at both the local and regional levels, hence the need for a more complex hybrid approach. We used the literature, information characterizing produced water in New Mexico, and our preliminary interviews with subject matter experts to develop this framework. We then conducted a systematic literature review to summarize state-of-the-art of hybrid modeling methodologies and techniques. Our research revealed that there is a small but growing volume of hybrid modeling research that could provide some foundational support for modelers interested in hybrid modeling approaches for complex natural resource management issues. We categorized these efforts into four classes based on their approaches to hybrid modeling. It appears that, among these classes, PWM requires the most sophisticated approach, indicating that PWM modelers will need to face serious challenges and break new ground in this realm.

scholarly journals Optimization of Silver Nanoparticle Separation Method from Drilling Waste Matrices

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1950
Author(s):  
Monika Gajec ◽  
Ewa Kukulska-Zając ◽  
Anna Król
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Drilling Waste ◽  
Wastewater Samples

Significant amounts of produced water, spent drilling fluid, and drill cuttings, which differ in composition and characteristics in each drilling operation, are generated in the oil and gas industry. Moreover, the oil and gas industry faces many technological development challenges to guarantee a safe and clean environment and to meet strict environmental standards in the field of processing and disposal of drilling waste. Due to increasing application of nanomaterials in the oil and gas industry, drilling wastes may also contain nanometer-scale materials. It is therefore necessary to characterize drilling waste in terms of nanomaterial content and to optimize effective methods for their determination, including a key separation step. The purpose of this study is to select the appropriate method of separation and pre-concentration of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from drilling wastewater samples and to determine their size distribution along with the state of aggregation using single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICP-MS). Two AgNP separation methods were compared: centrifugation and cloud point extraction. The first known use of spICP-MS for drilling waste matrices following mentioned separation methods is presented.

Treating and Permitting of Produced Water for Discharge to Surface Water

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.E.. E. Dan Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Produce Water ◽  
Flowback Water ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
Minimal Treatment ◽  
Centralized Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Direct Discharge

Abstract The recycling and reuse of produced water (defined as hydraulic fracturing flowback water and formation water) is an increasing practice driven by competing demands for water sources and limited options for produced water disposal. The final disposition of reused/recycled produced water dictates the level of treatment with typically minimal treatment required when produce water is reused for fracturing subsequent wells and higher levels of treatment required when produced water is recycled for other purposes or potentially discharged to surface water bodies. The latter scenario, discharge of treated produced water is specifically addressed. Clean Water Act National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits for direct discharge of oil and gas generated discharge are currently prohibited east of the 98th meridian. West of the 98th meridian, direct discharge of treated oil and gas wastewater is allowed under specific conditions. Regardless of location (east or west of the 98th meridian), centralized wastewater treatment facilities (CWTs) can be permitted to treat and discharge oil and gas wastewater or CWT discharge may be accepted for further treatment and ultimate discharge at publically owned wastewater treatment facilities (POTWs). The EPA is currently developing effluent limitation guidelines (ELGs) for pretreatment of oil and gas wastewater sent to POTWs for treatment and discharge and recently submitted for comment Final 2012 and Preliminary 2014 Effluent Guidelines Program Plans; both addressed in this paper. Discussed are the various treatment technologies currently deployed and permitting issues associated with the treatment facilities. When treating produced water for discharge, constituent levels in the effluent stream and the waste side streams (consisting of a concentration of constituents removed as part of the water treatment processes) must be monitored to ensure proper management.

scholarly journals Ultrafiltration Membrane Technology for Oily Wastewater Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 877 (1) ◽  
pp. 012012
Author(s):  
Zahraa N. Mahbouba ◽  
Abdulkhalik K. Mahmood ◽  
Musa H. Alshammari
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Total Suspended Solid ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Suspended Solid ◽  
Ultrafiltration Membrane ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Oily Wastewater ◽  
Oil And Grease

Abstract Oil and gas sectors generate large amounts of oily wastewater, which is called produced water. In which, it contains high concentrations of hazardous organic and inorganic pollutants. This paper attempts to evaluate the performance and quality of using a polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membrane (UFM) to treat the produced water of Al-Ahdab oil field (Wassit, Iraq). 8 rectangular flat sheets of polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membrane were used. The area of each is 60 cm2 and pore size about 15 nm used in the experimental work. Prepared UFM is characterized by determining the surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The result showed that the UFM indicated high removal efficiency in all parameters and especially oil and grease and total suspended solid but in general it still less than the requirement of water reuse. The results showed that, a combination of a conventional treatment method and UFM technology have higher efficiency than using UFM only.

Produced water treatment and reuse in oil and gas industry- Mathematical modelling and optimisation for infrastructure utilisation  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afrah AlEdan ◽  
Tohid Erfani
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modelling ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Clear Vision

<p>Currently, oil and gas industry dispose the produced water under the ground without treatment and with minimal consideration on the beneficial reuse applications. Yet, in recent years and in response to the worldwide water shortage concerns, produced water management and treatment has gained more attention and interest. Managing produced water is subject to different limitations specially if it is done for offsite applications. This includes the consideration of transportation cost and removal of dispersed and dissolved oil, metals, ammonia, salinity, alkalinity and ion toxicity for human and agricultural use which can result in a greater economic cost in terms of chemical usage and desalination operations. The importance of properly managing produced water is mainly rely on the clear vision of the treating method used which must be defined based on regulatory parameters and reuse standards. This study investigates mathematical modelling and optimisation to include the reuse specification into the produced water quality management and discusses its implication.</p>

An Experimental Research on Enhanced Oil Recovery Using Local Polymers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abiola Oyatobo ◽  
Amalachukwu Muoghalu ◽  
Chinaza Ikeokwu ◽  
Wilson Ekpotu
Keyword(s):  
Enhanced Oil Recovery ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Gum Arabic ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Profile Control

Abstract Ineffective methods of increasing oil recovery have been one of the challenges, whose solutions are constantly sought after in the oil and gas industry as the number of under-produced reservoirs increases daily. Water injection is the most extended technology to increase oil recovery, although excessive water production can pose huge damage ranging from the loss of the well to an increase in cost and capital investment requirement of surface facilities to handle the produced water. To mitigate these challenges and encourage the utilization of local contents, locally produced polymers were used in polymer flooding as an Enhanced Oil Recovery approach to increase the viscosity of the injected fluids for better profile control and reduce cost when compared with foreign polymers as floppan. Hence this experimental research was geared towards increasing the efficiency of oil displacement in sandstone reservoirs using locally sourced polymers in Nigeria and also compared the various polymers for optimum efficiency. Starch, Ewedu, and Gum Arabic were used in flooding an already obtained core samples and comparative analysis of this shows that starch yielded the highest recovery due to higher viscosity value as compared to Ewedu with the lowest mobility ratio to Gum Arabic. Finally, the concentration of Starch or Gum Arabic should be increased for optimum recovery.

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