Reliability, validity and invariance of the Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ) among HIV-positive women in Ethiopia: a quasi-experimental study

Abstract Background: Adherence to antiretroviral therapy is critical to the achievement of the third target of the UNAIDS Fast-Track Initiative goals of 2020-2030. Reliable, valid and accurate measurement of adherence are important for correct assessment of adherence and in predicting the efficacy of ART. The Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire is a six-item scale which assesses the perception of persons living with HIV about their adherence to ART. Despite recent widespread use, its measurement properties have yet to be carefully documented beyond the original study in Spain. The objective of this paper was to conduct internal consistency reliability, concurrent validity and measurement invariance tests for the SMAQ. Methods: HIV-positive women who were receiving ART services from 51 service providers in two sub-cities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia completed the SMAQ in a HIV treatment referral network study between 2011 and 2012. Two cross-sections of 402 and 524 female patients of reproductive age, respectively, from the two sub-cities were randomly selected and interviewed at baseline and follow-up. We used Cronbach’s coefficient alpha (α) to assess internal consistency reliability, Pearson product-moment correlation (r) to assess concurrent validity and multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis to analyze factorial structure and measurement invariance of the SMAQ. Results: All participants were female with a mean age of 33 (33.06-33.74; median: 34 years; range 18-45 years. Cronbach’s alphas for the six items of the SMAQ were 0.66, 0.68, 0.75 and 0.75 for T1 control, T1 intervention, T2 control, and T2 intervention groups, respectively. Pearson correlation coefficients were 0.78, 0.49, 0.52, 0.48, 0.76 and 0.80 for items 1 to 6, respectively, between T1 compared to T2. We found invariance for factor loadings, observed item intercepts and factor variances, also known as strong measurement invariance, when we compared latent adherence levels between and across patient-groups. Conclusions: Our results show that the six-item SMAQ scale has adequate reliability and validity indices for this sample, in addition to being invariant across comparison groups. The findings of this study strengthen the evidence in support of the increasing use of SMAQ by interventionists and researchers to examine, pool and compare adherence scores across groups and time periods.

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Reliability, validity and invariance of the Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ) among HIV-positive women in Ethiopia: a quasi-experimental study

10.21203/rs.2.12427/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Chris B. Agala ◽

Bruce J. Fried ◽

James C. Thomas ◽

Heidi W. Reynolds ◽

Kristen Hassmiller Lich ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Medication Adherence ◽

Measurement Invariance ◽

Internal Consistency ◽

Concurrent Validity ◽

Internal Consistency Reliability ◽

Measurement Properties ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Hiv Positive Women ◽

Persons Living With Hiv ◽

Validity Indices

Abstract Background: Adherence to antiretroviral therapy is critical to the achievement of the third target of the UNAIDS Fast-Track Initiative goals of 2020-2030. Reliable, valid and accurate measurement of adherence are important for correct assessment of adherence and in predicting the efficacy of ART. The Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire is a six-item scale which assesses the perception of persons living with HIV about their adherence to ART. Despite recent widespread use, its measurement properties have yet to be carefully documented beyond the original study in Spain. The objective of this paper was to conduct internal consistency reliability, concurrent validity and measurement invariance tests for the SMAQ. Methods: HIV-positive women who were receiving ART services from 51 service providers in two sub-cities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia completed the SMAQ in a HIV treatment referral network study between 2011 and 2012. Two cross-sections of 402 and 524 female patients of reproductive age, respectively, from the two sub-cities were randomly selected and interviewed at baseline and follow-up. We used Cronbach’s coefficient alpha (α) to assess internal consistency reliability, Pearson product-moment correlation (r) to assess concurrent validity and multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis to analyze factorial structure and measurement invariance of the SMAQ.Results: All participants were female with a mean age of 33; median: 34 years; range 18-45 years. Cronbach’s alphas for the six items of the SMAQ were 0.66, 0.68, 0.75 and 0.75 for T1 control, T1 intervention, T2 control, and T2 intervention groups, respectively. Pearson correlation coefficients were 0.78, 0.49, 0.52, 0.48, 0.76 and 0.80 for items 1 to 6, respectively, between T1 compared to T2. We found invariance for factor loadings, observed item intercepts and factor variances, also known as strong measurement invariance, when we compared latent adherence levels between and across patient-groups. Conclusions: Our results show that the six-item SMAQ scale has adequate reliability and validity indices for this sample, in addition to being invariant across comparison groups. The findings of this study strengthen the evidence in support of the increasing use of SMAQ by interventionists and researchers to examine, pool and compare adherence scores across groups and time periods.

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Reliability, validity and measurement invariance of the Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ) among HIV-positive women in Ethiopia: a quasi-experimental study

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-020-08585-w ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Chris B. Agala ◽

Bruce J. Fried ◽

James C. Thomas ◽

Heidi W. Reynolds ◽

Kristen Hassmiller Lich ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Medication Adherence ◽

Measurement Invariance ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Hiv Positive Women ◽

Quasi Experimental

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Correction of Differentially Functioning Items: Basis for Maintaining and Enhancing Test Validity and Reliability

World Journal of Educational Research ◽

10.22158/wjer.v4n1p62 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 62

Author(s):

Jose Q. Pedrajita

Keyword(s):

Differential Item Functioning ◽

Internal Consistency ◽

Private School ◽

Content Validity ◽

Test Scores ◽

Concurrent Validity ◽

Test Validity ◽

Internal Consistency Reliability ◽

School Type ◽

Item Functioning

This study looked into differentially functioning items in a Chemistry Achievement Test. It also examined the effect of eliminating differentially functioning items on the content and concurrent validity, and internal consistency reliability of the test. Test scores of two hundred junior high school students matched on school type were subjected to Differential Item Functioning (DIF) analysis. One hundred students came from a public school, while the other 100 were private school examinees. The descriptive-comparative research design utilizing differential item functioning analysis and validity and reliability analysis was employed. The Chi-Square, Distractor Response Analysis, Logistic Regression, and the Mantel-Haenszel Statistic were the methods used in the DIF analysis. A six-point scale ranging from inadequate to adequate was used to assess the content validity of the test. Pearson r was used in the concurrent validity analysis. The KR-20 formula was used for estimating the internal consistency reliability of the test. The findings revealed the presence of differentially functioning items between the public and private school examinees. The DIF methods differed in the number of differentially functioning items identified. However, there was a high degree of correspondence between the Logistic Regression and Mantel-Haenszel Statistic. After the elimination of the differentially functioning items, the content and the concurrent validity, and the internal consistency reliability differed per DIF method used. The content validity of the test differed ranging from slightly adequate to moderately adequate in the number of items retained. The concurrent validity of the test also differed but all were positive and indicate moderate relationship between the examinees’ test scores and their GPA in Science III. Likewise, the internal consistency reliability of the test differed. The more differentially functioning items eliminated, the lesser was the content and concurrent validity, and internal consistency reliability of the test becomes. Elimination of differentially functioning items diminishes content and concurrent validity, and internal consistency reliability, but could be use as basis in enhancing content, concurrent as well as internal consistency reliability by replacing eliminated DIF items.

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PMH60 ASSESSMENT OF THE INTERNAL CONSISTENCY AND CONCURRENT VALIDITY OF THE MEDICATION ADHERENCE REASONS SCALE (MAR-SCALE) IN AN ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER POPULATION-BASED SAMPLE

Value in Health ◽

10.1016/j.jval.2019.09.1534 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 22 ◽

pp. S691

Author(s):

E. Unni ◽

S. Farahbakhshian ◽

M.C. Maculaitis ◽

S. Gupta ◽

W. Spalding

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Medication Adherence ◽

Internal Consistency ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Concurrent Validity ◽

Population Based ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder

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The Modified Interpersonal Relationship Scale: Reliability and Validity,

Psychological Reports ◽

10.1177/00332941930733pt141 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 73 (3_part_1) ◽

pp. 995-1004

Author(s):

Jane L. Garthoeffner ◽

Carolyn S. Henry ◽

Linda C. Robinson

Keyword(s):

Interpersonal Relationships ◽

Internal Consistency ◽

Concurrent Validity ◽

Interpersonal Relationship ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Internal Consistency Reliability ◽

Self Report ◽

Varimax Rotation ◽

Scale Reliability

This study was designed to evaluate a modification of the Interpersonal Relationship Scale and to establish subscales representing dimensions of intimacy (N = 356). The initial self-report scale was tested for internal consistency reliability. Next, subscales were identified using principal components factoring with varimax rotation. Internal consistency reliability and concurrent validity of the modified over-all scale and subscales were examined. The modified scale and subscales provided reliable and valid measures of the quality of interpersonal relationships in young adults.

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Efficacy of a Group Medication Adherence Intervention Among HIV Positive Women: The SMART/EST Women’s Project

AIDS and Behavior ◽

10.1007/s10461-006-9165-8 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 79-86 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Deborah L. Jones ◽

Shvawn McPherson-Baker ◽

David Lydston ◽

Joanne Camille ◽

Elizabeth Brondolo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Medication Adherence ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Hiv Positive Women ◽

Adherence Intervention

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The Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale: A Further Brief Report

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1984.54.2.629 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 54 (2) ◽

pp. 629-630 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Kelly J. Grover ◽

Lois A. Paff-Bergen ◽

Candyce S. Russell ◽

Walter R. Schumm

Keyword(s):

Marital Satisfaction ◽

Internal Consistency ◽

Concurrent Validity ◽

Research Evidence ◽

Internal Consistency Reliability ◽

Dyadic Adjustment ◽

Satisfaction Scale ◽

Dyadic Adjustment Scale ◽

Satisfaction Subscale

The Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale was administered by survey to 51 wives between the ages of 32 and 71 yr. Further support for the internal consistency reliability of the scale (α = 0.92) was obtained, and patterns of differences between the item means paralleled previous research. Evidence was found for the concurrent validity of the scale, which correlated significantly with six of seven items from the satisfaction subscale of Spanier's Dyadic Adjustment Scale.

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Depressive symptoms and fatigue as mediators of relationship between poor sleep factors and medication adherence in HIV-positive women

Journal of Research in Nursing ◽

10.1177/1744987115601464 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 20 (6) ◽

pp. 499-514 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Safiya George Dalmida ◽

Marcia McDonnell Holstad ◽

Rodney Fox ◽

Augustina Mara Delaney

Keyword(s):

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Medication Adherence ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Poor Sleep ◽

Hiv Positive Women

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Correlation Between he Ratio Pipp-R and Nips and Inter-Rater Reliability to Evaluate Pain During the Procedure Suction in Newborn Premature

10.21203/rs.3.rs-956847/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

NAYARA RODRIGUES GOMES OLIVEIRA ◽

CIBELLE MARTINS ROBERTO FORMIGA ◽

BRUNA ABREU RAMOS ◽

RAFAELA NOLETO DOS SANTOS ◽

NAYARA NUBIA DE SOUSA MOREIRA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Internal Consistency ◽

Concurrent Validity ◽

Internal Consistency Reliability ◽

Pain Scale ◽

Good Choice ◽

Test Results ◽

Good Reliability ◽

Infant Pain ◽

Spearman Test ◽

Premature Infant Pain Profile

Abstract Objectives:To verify the Correlation between the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) and Premature Infant Pain Profile – Revised (PIPP-R), the internal consistency of each scale, and assess the reliability between evaluators in the assessment of pain during the aspiration procedure in premature newborns. Methods: an observational, prospective study. Participated in the study, 50 infants who met the following criteria for inclusion: Newborn (NB) preterm (GA> 26 weeks and <36 weeks and five days) with low birth weight (<2500 g), hemodynamically stable, with minimal sedation or without sedation or mechanical ventilation in CPAP or catheter nose of O2 or the air environment that needed to perform the procedure of vacuum in the period of hospitalization. The evaluation of the newborns occurred during three different aspiration procedures; aspiration 1 (no intervention), aspiration 2 (use of gentle touch), and aspiration 3 (use of sucrose). They have applied two evaluation instruments, NIPS and PIPP-R. that Cronbach's alpha determined the internal consistency, reliability between evaluators by the coefficient of Correlation intraclass, validity competitor by Spearman test. Results: Internal Consistency was high for NIPS (r= 0.824) and moderate for PIPP-R (0.655). Reliability between raters was high respectively in the three conditions 0.991; 0.987; 0.993 on the NIPS scale and 0.997; 0.986; 0.977 on the PIPP-R scale. One observed concurrent validity Only in the first aspiration. Conclusion: the NIPS seems to have a better utility clinic than PIPP-R; however, the two scales showed good reliability among the evaluators, and internal consistency, being a good choice for evaluation of pain during the procedure of aspiration.

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