scholarly journals Ethylene glycol and glycolic acid production from xylonic acid by Enterobacter cloacae

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongxi Zhang ◽  
Yang Yang ◽  
Yike Wang ◽  
Jinjie Gu ◽  
Xiyang Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Glycolic Acid ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Enterobacter Cloacae ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Acid Dehydratase ◽  
Xylonic Acid

Abstract Background: Biological routes for ethylene glycol production have been developed in recent years by constructing the synthesis pathways in different microorganisms. However, no microorganisms have been reported yet to produce ethylene glycol naturally. Results: Xylonic acid utilizing microorganisms were screened from natural environments, and an Enterobacter cloacae strain was isolated. The major metabolites of this strain were ethylene glycol and glycolic acid. However, the metabolites were switched to 2,3-butanediol, acetoin or acetic acid when this strain was cultured with other carbon sources. The metabolic pathway of ethylene glycol and glycolic acid synthesis from xylonic acid in this bacterium was identified. Xylonic acid was converted to 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-pentonate catalyzed by D-xylonic acid dehydratase. 2-Dehydro-3-deoxy-D-pentonate was converted to form pyruvate and glycolaldehyde, and this reaction was catalyzed by an aldolase. D-xylonic acid dehydratase and 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase were encoded by yjhG and yjhH, respectively. The two genes are part of the same operon and are located adjacent on the chromosome. Besides yjhG and yjhH, this operon contains four other genes. However, individually inactivation of these four genes had no effect on either ethylene glycol or glycolic acid production; both formed from glycolaldehyde. YqhD exhibits ethylene glycol dehydrogenase activity in vitro. However, a low level of ethylene glycol was still synthesized by E. cloacae ΔyqhD. Fermentation parameters for ethylene glycol and glycolic acid production by the E. cloacae strain were optimized, and aerobic cultivation at neutral pH were found to be optimal. In fed batch culture, 34 g/L of ethylene glycol and 13 g/L of glycolic acid were produced in 46 hours, with a total conversion ratio of 0.99 mol/mol xylonic acid.Conclusions: A novel route of xylose biorefinery via xylonic acid as an intermediate has been established.

scholarly journals Ethylene glycol and glycolic acid production from xylonic acid by Enterobacter cloacae

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongxi Zhang ◽  
Yang Yang ◽  
Yike Wang ◽  
Jinjie Gu ◽  
Xiyang Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Glycolic Acid ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Enterobacter Cloacae ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Acid Dehydratase ◽  
Xylonic Acid

Abstract Background Biological routes of ethylene glycol production have been developed in recent years by constructing of the synthesis pathways in microorganisms. However, no microorganisms have been reported to produce ethylene glycol naturally.Results Xylonic acid utilizing microorganisms were screened from natural environments, and an Enterobacter cloacae strain was isolated. The major metabolites of this strain were ethylene glycol and glycolic acid. However, the metabolites were switched to 2,3-butanediol, acetoin or acetic acid when this strain was cultured with other carbon sources. The metabolic pathway of ethylene glycol and glycolic acid synthesis from xylonic acid in this bacterium was identified. Xylonic acid was converted to 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-pentonate with the catalysis of D-xylonic acid dehydratase. 2-Dehydro-3-deoxy-D-pentonate was converted to form pyruvate and glycolaldehyde, and this reaction was catalyzed by an aldolase. D-xylonic acid dehydratase and 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase were encoded by yjhG and yjhH , respectively. The two genes are part of the same operon and are located adjacent on the chromosome. Besides yjhG and yjhH , this operon contains four other genes. However, individually inactivation of these four genes had no effect on either ethylene glycol or glycolic acid production; both formed from glycolaldehyde. YqhD exhibits ethylene glycol dehydrogenase activity in vitro . However, a low level of ethylene glycol was still synthesized by E. cloacae Δ yqhD . Parameters for ethylene glycol and glycolic acid production by the E. cloacae strain were optimized, and aerobic cultivation at neutral pH were found to be optimal. In fed batch culture, 34 g/L of ethylene glycol and 13 g/L of glycolic acid were produced in 46 hours, with a total conversion ratio of 0.99 mol/mol xylonic acid.Conclusions A novel route of xylose biorefinery via xylonic acid as an intermediate has been established.

scholarly journals Ethylene glycol and glycolic acid production from xylonic acid by Enterobacter cloacae

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongxi Zhang ◽  
Yang Yang ◽  
Yike Wang ◽  
Jinjie Gu ◽  
Xiyang Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Glycolic Acid ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Enterobacter Cloacae ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Acid Dehydratase ◽  
Xylonic Acid ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

Abstract Background: Biological routes for ethylene glycol production have been developed in recent years by constructing the synthesis pathways in different microorganisms. However, no microorganisms have been reported yet to produce ethylene glycol naturally. Results: Xylonic acid utilizing microorganisms were screened from natural environments, and an Enterobacter cloacae strain was isolated. The major metabolites of this strain were ethylene glycol and glycolic acid. However, the metabolites were switched to 2,3-butanediol, acetoin or acetic acid when this strain was cultured with other carbon sources. The metabolic pathway of ethylene glycol synthesis from xylonic acid in this bacterium was identified. Xylonic acid was converted to 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-pentonate catalyzed by D-xylonic acid dehydratase. 2-Dehydro-3-deoxy-D-pentonate was converted to form pyruvate and glycolaldehyde, and this reaction was catalyzed by an aldolase. D-xylonic acid dehydratase and 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-pentonate aldolase were encoded by yjhG and yjhH, respectively. The two genes are part of the same operon and are located adjacent on the chromosome. Besides yjhG and yjhH, this operon contains four other genes. However, individually inactivation of these four genes had no effect on either ethylene glycol or glycolic acid production; both formed from glycolaldehyde. YqhD exhibits ethylene glycol dehydrogenase activity in vitro. However, a low level of ethylene glycol was still synthesized by E. cloacae ΔyqhD. Fermentation parameters for ethylene glycol and glycolic acid production by the E. cloacae strain were optimized, and aerobic cultivation at neutral pH were found to be optimal. In fed batch culture, 34 g/L of ethylene glycol and 13 g/L of glycolic acid were produced in 46 hours, with a total conversion ratio of 0.99 mol/mol xylonic acid.Conclusions: A novel route of xylose biorefinery via xylonic acid as an intermediate has been established.

scholarly journals Ethylene glycol and glycolic acid production from xylonic acid by Enterobacter cloacae

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongxi Zhang ◽  
Yang Yang ◽  
Yike Wang ◽  
Jinjie Gu ◽  
Xiyang Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Glycolic Acid ◽  
Enterobacter Cloacae ◽  
Xylonic Acid

scholarly journals Impact of Methoxymycolic Acid Production by Mycobacterium bovis BCG Vaccines

2004 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 2803-2809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Belley ◽  
David Alexander ◽  
Tania Di Pietrantonio ◽  
Manon Girard ◽  
Joses Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Permeability Barrier ◽  
Mycolic Acids ◽  
Cell Wall Permeability ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT BCG vaccines are a family of closely related daughter strains of an attenuated isolate of Mycobacterium bovis derived by in vitro passage from 1908 to 1921. During subsequent laboratory propagation of the vaccine strain until its lyophilization in 1961, BCG Pasteur underwent at least seven further genomic mutations. The impact of these mutations on the properties of the vaccine is currently unknown. One mutation, a glycine-to-aspartic acid substitution in the mmaA3 gene, occurred between 1927 and 1931 and impairs methoxymycolic acid synthesis in BCG strains obtained from the Pasteur Institute after this period. Mycolic acids of the cell wall are classified into three functional groups (alpha-, methoxy-, and ketomycolic acids), and together these lipids form a highly specialized permeability barrier around the bacterium. To explore the impact of methoxymycolic acid production by BCG strains, we complemented the functional gene of mmaA3 into BCG Denmark and tested a number of in vitro and in vivo phenotypes. Surprisingly, restoration of methoxymycolic acids alone had no effect on cell wall permeability, resistance to antibiotics, or growth in cultured macrophages and C57BL/6 mice. Our results demonstrate that the loss of methoxymycolic acid production did not apparently affect the virulence of BCG strains.

Glycolic Acid Production Using Ethylene Glycol-Oxidizing Microorganisms

2001 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 2265-2270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michihiko KATAOKA ◽  
Mié SASAKI ◽  
Aklani-Rose G.D. HIDALGO ◽  
Michiko NAKANO ◽  
Sakayu SHIMIZU
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Glycolic Acid

P–596 Association of oleic acid production in cumulus-granulosa cells with glutathione of in vitro matured oocytes

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Fayezi ◽  
M Ghaffar. Novin ◽  
M Norouzian ◽  
M Nouri ◽  
L Farzadi
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Oocyte Maturation ◽  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
In Vitro Maturation ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Glutathione Level ◽  
Metaphase Ii Oocytes

Abstract Study question Does oleic acid production in cumulus-granulosa cells affect glutathione levels of in vitro matured oocytes? Summary answer Oleic acid availability in cumulus-granulosa cells is associated with a higher glutathione level in in vitro matured oocytes. What is known already The monounsaturated fatty acid oleic acid is de novo synthesized by desaturation of stearic acid and can promote steroidogenesis and oocyte development in vitro. The endogenous antioxidant glutathione content in metaphase II oocyte is significantly higher than immature stages and is related to the normal oocyte maturation. Study design, size, duration Mouse germinal vesicles were co-cultured for 24 hours, during in vitro maturation, with granulosa cells treated with a specific inhibitor of oleic acid synthesis alone or in combination with oleic acid. Participants/materials, setting, methods Fluorescence staining was used to assess the glutathione content of mouse metaphase II oocytes following in vitro maturation as an indicator of cytoplasmic maturation. Glutathione was stained using Cell Tracker Blue –CMAC for 30 min at 37 °C. After being washed in fresh media, stained oocytes were photographed by a fluorescence microscope. Cell area and associated fluorescence were quantified in 20 metaphase II mouse oocytes randomly chosen from in vitro matured oocytes for each condition. Main results and the role of chance The intracellular glutathione content was profoundly lower in metaphase II oocytes obtained from co-cultures with inhibitor-treated cumulus-granulosa cells than with the control cumulus cells (–50%, p < 0.01). Oleic acid effectively recovered the negative effect of inhibitor on glutathione level nearly up to the level of the mock-treated cells. Limitations, reasons for caution The findings are limited to metaphase II. Measurement at more advanced stages of oocyte development is of interest. Inhibition of cellular fatty acid synthesis was performed solely with a specific chemical. Wider implications of the findings: Involvement of the oleic acid availability for cumulus-granulosa cells in normal oocyte maturation may be of relevance in reproductive disorders, particularly in the pathological mechanism of impaired oogenesis. Trial registration number 400/3226

scholarly journals Ethylene glycol and glycolic acid production by wild‐type Escherichia coli

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiyang Lu ◽  
Yao Yao ◽  
Yang Yang ◽  
Zhongxi Zhang ◽  
Jinjie Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Glycolic Acid ◽  
Wild Type

scholarly journals D-Xylonic Acid Production by Enterobacter cloacae

1973 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 755-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruki ISHIZAKI ◽  
Tetsuo IHARA ◽  
Juichi YOSHITAKE ◽  
Mutsuo SHIMAMURA ◽  
Tomio IMAI
Keyword(s):  
Acid Production ◽  
Enterobacter Cloacae ◽  
Xylonic Acid

scholarly journals Role of pfkA and General Carbohydrate Catabolism in Seed Colonization by Enterobacter cloacae

1999 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 2513-2519 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Roberts ◽  
P. D. Dery ◽  
I. Yucel ◽  
J. Buyer ◽  
M. A. Holtman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Enterobacter Cloacae ◽  
In Vitro Growth ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Exogenous Addition ◽  
Total Carbohydrates ◽  
Pea Seeds

ABSTRACT Enterobacter cloacae A-11 is a transposon mutant of strain 501R3 that was deficient in cucumber spermosphere colonization and in the utilization of certain carbohydrates (D. P. Roberts, C. J. Sheets, and J. S. Hartung, Can. J. Microbiol. 38:1128–1134, 1992). In vitro growth of strain A-11 was reduced or deficient on most carbohydrates that supported growth of strain 501R3 but was unaffected on fructose, glycerol, and all amino acids and organic acids tested. Colonization by strain A-11 was significantly reduced (P ≤ 0.05) for cucumber and radish seeds compared to that of strain 501R3, but colonization of pea, soybean, sunflower, and sweet corn seeds was not reduced. Pea seeds released several orders of magnitude more total carbohydrates and amino acids than cucumber and radish seeds and approximately 4,000-fold more fructose. Fructose was the only carbohydrate detected in the seed exudates which supported wild-type levels of in vitro growth of strain A-11. Soybean, sunflower, and sweet corn seeds also released significantly greater amounts of fructose and total carbohydrates and amino acids than cucumber or radish seeds. The exogenous addition of fructose to cucumber and radish seeds at quantities similar to the total quantity of carbohydrates released from pea seeds over 96 h increased the populations of strain A-11 to levels comparable to those of strain 501R3 in sterile sand. Molecular characterization of strain A-11 indicated that the mini-Tn5 kanamycin transposon was inserted in a region of the genome with significant homology topfkA, which encodes phosphofructo kinase. A comparison of strain A-11 with Escherichia coli DF456, a knownpfkA mutant, indicated that the nutritional loss phenotypes were identical. Furthermore, the pfkA homolog cloned fromE. cloacae 501R3 complemented the nutritional loss phenotypes of both E. coli DF456 and E. cloacaeA-11 and restored colonization by strain A-11 to near wild-type levels. These genetic and biochemical restoration experiments provide strong evidence that the quantities of reduced carbon sources found in seed exudates and the ability of microbes to use these compounds play important roles in the colonization of the spermosphere.

Rosmarinic Acid Synthesis in Transformed Callus Culture of Coleus blumei Benth

2004 ◽  
Vol 59 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 554-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataša Bauer ◽  
Dunja Leljak-Levanic ◽  
Sibila Jelaska
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Rosmarinic Acid ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Callus Growth ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Coleus Blumei ◽  
Acid Accumulation

AbstractAgrobacteria mediated Coleus blumei tumour tissues were cultured in vitro on MS medium. Sixteen diversified transformed callus cultures were maintained for several years in the absence of plant growth regulators and antibiotics without affecting the growth rate. Rosmarinic acid was detected spectrophotometrically in all tissue lines but in different quantities. The highest rosmarinic acid accumulation detected was 11% of dry tissue mass. The relation between culture growth and rosmarinic acid production was investigated in three callus lines. The lines showed different rosmarinic acid accumulation in relation to their growth rate; it was either parallel or inversely related to the tissue growth. The effects of certain medium constituents on the callus growth and rosmarinic acid accumulation were examined in four tumour cell lines. Addition of 4% or 5% sucrose stimulated rosmarinic acid synthesis and decreased callus growth. Nitrogen reduction to one half or one quarter of initial concentration did not affect rosmarinic acid synthesis and decreased callus growth in three lines, while it increased rosmarinic acid accumulation and callus growth in one line. Addition of 0.1 mg/l Phe stimulated rosmarinic acid production in two lines but had little effect on the rosmarinic acid level in others. Rosmarinic acid production was significantly improved on modified macronutrients, where the Ac2 line produced 16.5 mg of rosmarinic acid per tube (0.2 g of dry wt) after being in culture for 35 days.

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