scholarly journals A comparison of the Indian Diet with the EAT-Lancet Reference Diet

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manika Sharma ◽  
Avinash Kishore ◽  
Devesh Roy ◽  
Kuhu Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Poor ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Food System ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Calorie Consumption ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Nationally Representative

Abstract Background The 2019 EAT-Lancet Commission report recommends healthy diets that can feed 10 billion people by 2050 from environmentally sustainable food systems. This study compares food consumption patterns in India, from different income groups, regions and sectors (rural/urban), with the EAT-Lancet reference diet and highlights the deviations. Methods The analysis was done using data from the Consumption Expenditure Survey (CES) of a nationally representative sample of 0.102 million households from 7469 villages and 5268 urban blocks of India conducted by the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) in 2011-12. This is the most recent nationally representative data on household consumption in India. Calorie consumption (kcal/capita/day) of each food group was calculated using the quantity of consumption from the data and nutritional values of food items provided by NSSO. Diets for rural and urban, poor and rich households across different regions were compared with EAT-Lancet reference diet. Results The average daily calorie consumption in India is below the recommended 2503 kcal/capita/day across all groups compared, except for the richest 5% of the population. Calorie share of whole grains is significantly higher than the EAT-Lancet recommendations while those of fruits, vegetables, legumes, meat, fish and eggs are significantly lower. The share of calories from protein sources is only 6-8% in India compared to 29% in the reference diet. The imbalance is highest for the households in the lowest decile of consumption expenditure, but even the richest households in India do not consume adequate amounts of fruits, vegetables and non-cereal proteins in their diets. An average Indian household consumes more calories from processed foods than fruits. Conclusions Indian diets, across states and income groups, are unhealthy. Indians also consume excess amounts of cereals and not enough proteins, fruits, and vegetables. Importantly, unlike many countries, excess consumption of animal protein is not a problem in India. Indian policymakers need to accelerate food-system-wide efforts to make healthier and sustainable diets more affordable, accessible and acceptable.

scholarly journals A comparison of the Indian Diet with the EAT-Lancet Reference Diet

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manika Sharma ◽  
Avinash Kishore ◽  
Devesh Roy ◽  
Kuhu Joshi New
Keyword(s):  
Urban Poor ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Food System ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Nationally Representative

Abstract Background The 2019 EAT-Lancet Commission report recommends healthy diets that can feed 10 billion people by 2050 from environmentally sustainable food systems. This study compares food consumption patterns in India, from different income groups and regions and sectors(rural/urban), with the EAT-Lancet reference diet and highlights the deviations. Methods The analysis was done using data from consumption expenditure survey of a nationally representative sample of 0.102 million households from 7469 villages and 5268 urban blocks of India by the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) in 2011-12. This is the most recent nationally representative data on household consumption in India. Calorie intake (kcal/capita/day) of food groups was calculated using quantity of consumption and nutritional values of food items from the NSSO report. Diet across rural and urban, poor and rich households across different regions were compared with EAT-Lancet reference diet. Results Average daily calorie consumption in India is below the recommended 2503 kcal/capita/day across all groups compared, except for the richest 5% of the population. Calorie share of whole grains is significantly higher than the EAT-Lancet recommendations while those of fruits, vegetables, legumes, and meat, fish & eggs are significantly lower. The share of calories from protein sources is only 6-8% in India compared to 29% in the reference diet. The imbalance is highest for the households in the lowest decile of consumption expenditure, but even the richest households in India do not consume adequate amounts of fruits, vegetables and non-cereal proteins in their diets. An average Indian household consumes more calories from processed foods than fruits. Conclusions Indian diets, across states and income groups, are unhealthy. Indians also consume excessive cereals and not enough proteins, fruits and vegetables. Importantly, unlike many countries, excess consumption of animal protein is not a problem in India. Indian policy-makers need to accelerate food system wide efforts to make healthier and sustainable diets more affordable, accessible and acceptable.

scholarly journals A comparison of the Indian Diet with the EAT-Lancet Reference Diet

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manika Sharma ◽  
Avinash Kishore ◽  
Devesh Roy
Keyword(s):  
Urban Poor ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Food System ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Nationally Representative

Abstract Background The 2019 EAT-Lancet Commission report recommends healthy diets that can feed 10 billion people by 2050 from environmentally sustainable food systems. This study compares food consumption patterns in India, from different income groups and regions and sectors(rural/urban), with the EAT-Lancet reference diet and highlights the deviations.Methods The analysis was done using data from consumption expenditure survey of a nationally representative sample of 0.102 million households from 7469 villages and 5268 urban blocks of India by the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) in 2011-12. This is the most recent nationally representative data on household consumption in India. Calorie intake (kcal/capita/day) of food groups was calculated using quantity of consumption and nutritional values of food items from the NSSO report. Diet across rural and urban, poor and rich households across different regions were compared with EAT-Lancet reference diet.Results Average daily calorie consumption in India is below the recommended 2503 kcal/capita/day across all groups compared, except for the richest 5% of the population. Calorie share of whole grains is significantly higher than the EAT-Lancet recommendations while those of fruits, vegetables, legumes, and meat, fish & eggs are significantly lower. The share of calories from protein sources is only 6-8% in India compared to 29% in the reference diet. The imbalance is highest for the households in the lowest decile of consumption expenditure, but even the richest households in India do not consume adequate amounts of fruits, vegetables and non-cereal proteins in their diets. An average Indian household consumes more calories from processed foods than fruits.Conclusions Indian diets, across states and income groups, are unhealthy. Indians also consume excessive cereals and not enough proteins, fruits and vegetables. Importantly, unlike many countries, excess consumption of animal protein is not a problem in India. Indian policy-makers need to accelerate food system wide efforts to make healthier and sustainable diets more affordable, accessible and acceptable.

Examining calorie undernourishment in India: Is it due to choice or inadequacy?

2020 ◽  
pp. 026010602094973
Author(s):  
Udaya S Mishra ◽  
Balakrushna Padhi ◽  
Rinju
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Food Choices ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Food Expenditure ◽  
Lower Magnitude ◽  
Common Understanding

Background: Calorie undernourishment is often associated with poverty but India presents a unique scene of decline in money-metric poverty and rise in calorie deprivation. Existing literature has varied explanation towards this effect. However, neither are the poor entirely calorie compromised nor do all the non-poor qualify calorie compliance. Aim: This is an attempt at verifying whether calorie undernourishment is a result of choice of food basket or the inadequacy of food expenditure. Method: An answer to this question is attempted with the exploration of data obtained from the National Sample Survey Organization’s Consumption Expenditure of Indian households for the periods 2004–2005 and 2011–2012. Results: Findings reveal that over the last one decade, the average per capita per day calorie intakes have slightly increased from 2040.55 Kcal in 2004–2005 to 2087.33 Kcal in 2011–2012, which has led to the increased share of well-nourished households from 20.21% in the 61st round to 22.78% in the 68th round of survey in rural areas, whereas the similar increase in urban areas is from 36.1% to 40.65%. Conclusions: Calorie undernourishment among the non-poor is observed that calorie undernourishment, if any, among the non-poor is entirely due to choice but the same among the poor has a divide between choice and inadequacy. The urban poor are calorie compromised more due to choice rather than inadequacy as against their rural counterparts. With higher poverty, calorie, non-compliance among the poor is more due to choice when compared with lower magnitude of poverty. These observations form a basis for contesting the common understanding that calorie compromise is entirely driven by inadequacy/incapacity of food expenditure. could be viewed in terms of the food choices made, especially among the poor while setting the minimum threshold of food expenditure to be calorie compliant.

scholarly journals MORBIDITY PATTERN OF HOSPITALIZATION AND ASSOCIATED OUT OF POCKET EXPENDITURE: EVIDENCE FROM NSSO (2017-2018)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 138-155
Author(s):  
Amiya Saha ◽  
Dipti Govil
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sudden Change ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Medical Expenditure ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Care Utilization ◽  
National Sample Survey ◽  
Survey Report ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Log Linear

In 2018, according to the National Sample Survey Report, the number of cases of hospitalization per 1000 persons in 365 days was 29 in India (26 per 1000 in rural and 34 per 1000 in urban areas). Between 2004 and 2014, for example, the average medical expenditure per hospitalization for urban patients increased by about 176%, and for rural patients, it jumped by a little over 160%.  Most of these hospitalizations are for infections, but a significant number also for treatment for cancer and blood-related diseases.  The increase in access to healthcare has also brought with it a massive spike in costs. India is rapidly undergoing an epidemiological transition with a sudden change in the disease profile of its population. This study aimed to analyze hospitalization due to different factors like age and morbidity and its effect on health care utilization from nationally representative data from 2018 among the total population of India.  75th round of National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) conducted in July 2017- June 2018 has been used to examine what are the determinant factors that affect the hospitalization and mean monthly disease-specific expenditure in the different age group populations in India. We have used cross-tabulation to understand the association between morbidity patterns and healthcare utilization with other socio-demographic variables.  A set of logistic regression analyses was carried out to understand the role of age patterns on hospitalization. A log-linear regression model was used to understand the significant predictors of out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE).

The effect of the National Birth Defects Intervention Project on the prevention of congenital disabilities among children in China: a natural experiment

2020 ◽  
Vol 124 (7) ◽  
pp. 709-714
Author(s):  
Chao Guo ◽  
Xiaoying Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Birth Defects ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Nutrition Intervention ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Congenital Disability

AbstractMost childhood disabilities are caused by congenital factors such as birth defects. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of periconceptional nutrition intervention on the prevention of congenital disability among Chinese children using the National Birth Defects Intervention Project as a natural experiment. We obtained individual-level data from the Second National Sample Survey on Disability, a nationally representative survey, and 110 365 children born between September 1999 and August 2003 were included for analysis. Difference-in-differences estimates of the project effects on congenital disability were captured by exploiting temporal variation in the timing of project exposure across four birth cohorts along with geographical variation in project category at the province level. The findings contribute to an emerging body of evidence showing that prenatal micronutrient intervention before and during early pregnancy could substantially reduce the risk of congenital disability in childhood (OR 0·73; 95 % CI 0·57, 0·94). The National Birth Defects Intervention Project improved the awareness of reproductive health and disability prevention in the population. It highlights the need for a potential policy change focusing on early-life health investment in China.

Poverty and Inequality in Maharashtra: Inter-group Differentials and Its Determinants

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajaya Kumar Naik ◽  
Nitin Tagade
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Relative Strength ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
High Caste ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Scheduled Castes

This article examines the inequality and poverty across socio-religious groups in Maharashtra. It also examines the relative strength of factors affecting inequality and poverty and decomposes the differences in income between scheduled castes (SCs) and Hindu high castes (HHCs) based on the 68th National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) survey on consumption expenditure. The results show that consumption expenditure is substantially low among marginalised communities leading to high inter-group inequality. The relative strength of the factors affecting earnings across socio-religious groups shows that the overall inter-group disparities are due to inter-caste differences in the rates of return on assets, asset ownership and caste identity. Also, poverty reducing factors, such as ownership of agricultural land, non-farm enterprises/business and education, impact differently in reducing poverty, their relative impact in reducing poverty being less for schedule tribes (ST) and SC compared to OBC and high caste. Due to high education and greater ownership of capital assets by high caste, they have significant higher income and low poverty levels compared to Hindu other backward castes (HOBC), SC and ST and Muslim.

Incidence of Communicable and Non-communicable Diseases in India: Trends, Distributional Pattern and Determinants

2021 ◽  
pp. 001946622199884
Author(s):  
Arvind Kumar Yadav ◽  
Kirtti Ranjan Paltasingh ◽  
Pabitra Kumar Jena
Keyword(s):  
Urban Poor ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Health Information System ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Distributional Pattern ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases

The recent trends and distributional patterns of communicable diseases (CD) and non-communicable diseases (NCD) in India are analysed in this study. Utilising the unit-level health-specific data from three rounds (1995, 2004 and 2014) of the National Sample Survey Office, it is found that the incidence of CDs is declining while that of NCDs increasing over time. The state-wise pattern shows that both the least-developed states and relatively developed states have a high incidence of diseases. But the incidence of CDs is relatively high in backward states like Rajasthan, Odisha, Assam, Bihar and UP, whereas the prevalence of NCDs is high in advanced states like Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and others. The multinomial logistic regression results also confirm that income, sex and availability of safe drinking water are key determinants of the presence of diseases. Thus, the policy implication of the study calls for the availability and accessibility of adequate medical facilities at affordable costs, development of a strong network of public health facilities in rural India primarily. Bringing the rural as well as urban poor into the fold of health insurance schemes would ensure a huge benefit to the masses who struggle to get the basic treatment. The development of an effective ‘health information system’ can be a better policy instrument in arresting the rising incidence of NCDs. JEL Classification codes: C12, C51, I15, I18

scholarly journals Economic gradient of onset of disability in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Radhe Shyam Mishra ◽  
Sanjay K. Mohanty ◽  
Jack Cordes ◽  
Umakanta Sahoo ◽  
Rajeev R. Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Disability Rate ◽  
Speech Disabilities ◽  
Nationally Representative

Abstract Background Disability in India is associated with increasing non-communicable diseases, rising longevity, and increasing accidents and injuries. Though studies have examined prevalence, patterns, and socioeconomic correlates of disability, no attempt has been made in estimating age of onset of disability in India. Objective This paper investigates the economic gradient of age of onset of locomotor, visual, hearing, speech, mental retardation, mental illness, and other disabilities in India. Method We use nationally representative data of 106,894 disabled individuals from the 76th round of National Sample Survey (NSS), 2018. Descriptive statistics, kernel density, Kaplan-Meier survival curves, and linear regression models are used in the analysis. Result The disability rate in India was 2184 per 100,000 persons. The disability rate was highest for locomotor (1353) followed by hearing (296), visual (234), speech (228), mental retardation (158), and mental illness (131). Over 85% of mental retardation and 80% of speech disabilities occur at birth, while 82% of locomotor and 81% of visual disabilities occur after birth. Among those who had disability after birth, the median age for mental retardation was 2 years followed by mental illness (28 years), speech (29 years), locomotor (42 years), visual (55 years), and 56 years for hearing disability. Adjusting for socioeconomic covariates, the age of onset of locomotor and speech disabilities among the poorest individuals were 7 and 11 years earlier than the richest, respectively. Conclusion The economic gradient of onset of locomotive and speech disabilities are strong. The age of onset of disability was earliest for mental retardation followed by mental illness and speech disability.

scholarly journals Smoking trends among women in India: Analysis of nationally representative surveys (1993–2009)

2014 ◽  
Vol 03 (04) ◽  
pp. 200-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonu Goel ◽  
Jaya Prasad Tripathy ◽  
Rana J. Singh ◽  
Pranay Lal
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Family Health ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
National Family ◽  
Disaggregated Data ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Smoking Trends ◽  
Women In India

Abstract Background: There is growing concern among policy makers with respect to alarming growth in smoking prevalence among women in the developing countries. Methods: Using disaggregated data from five nationally representative surveys: Global Adult Tobacco Survey 2010, National Family Health Survey-III (NFHS-III) 2004-2005, NFHS-II 1998-1999, National Sample Survey (NSS) 52 nd Round 1995-1996, NSS 50 th Round 1993-1994 we analysed female smoking trend from 1993-2009. Tobacco use among females was monitored for almost two decades focusing on gender, literacy, and state-specific trends among respondents aged >15 years. Results: Smoking use among women has doubled from 1.4% to 2.9% (P < 0.001) during the period 2005-2010. The prevalence of smoking increased with decrease in per capita State Gross Domestic Product and literacy status for both men and women. Conclusion: As the overall smoking prevalence grows, female smoking is growing at a faster rate than smoking among males, which is an emerging concern for tobacco control in India and requires the attention of policymakers.

scholarly journals "Grow what you eat, eat what you grow": urban agriculture as middle class intervention in India

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille Frazier
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Urban Agriculture ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Food System ◽  
Farming Community ◽  
Urban Gardening ◽  
Food Quality And Safety ◽  
The City

In Bengaluru, India's "IT Capital" and one of its fastest growing cities, an increasing number of middle class residents are growing fruits and vegetables in their private spaces for home consumption. This article examines the motivations and practices of Bengaluru's organic terrace gardeners ("OTGians") in order to understand the possibilities and limitations of urban gardening as a middle class intervention into unsafe food systems and decaying urban ecologies. OTGians are driven primarily by concerns about worsening food quality and safety, and secondarily by the desire to create green spaces that counteract environmental degradation in the city. Like community gardeners in the Global North, they understand urban gardening as a way to mediate problems in the contemporary food system and the urban ecology. However, like other alternative food and environmental movements, OTGians' efforts are anchored in class-specific concerns and experiences. While they have been successful in creating a vibrant community, their efforts remain limited to the middle class. This is in large part due to the site, scale, and production practices that anchor their interventions. I briefly consider a different approach to food production in Bengaluru—that of a caste-specific farming community that has been dispossessed of much of its agricultural land in the name of urban development—to illuminate divergent histories, narratives, and practices of urban agriculture. However, I also emphasize the sites of intersection between these narratives, and suggest that OTGians can find commonalities with other food producers in the city in ways that might revolutionize Bengaluru's food future. I thus look for potential sites of collaboration and intersection in understanding the uneven power relations and politics of urban socio-natures.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document