scholarly journals Sensitivity of Some Sweet Cherry (Prunus Avium L.) Genotypes To Late Spring Frosts During Different Phenological Stages Following Bud Burst

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ozkan Kaya ◽  
Cafer KOSE
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Open Cluster ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Spring Frosts ◽  
Floral Bud

Abstract Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) is one of the economically important fruit crops worldwide. However, late spring frosts occurring in some years can significantly impact sweet cherry productivity through organ and tissue destruction caused by frost damage, and very little is known about frost tolerance or susceptibility of new cultivars. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) was, therefore, used to examine the exothermic characteristics (temperatures at which 50% of the flower buds were killed - mLTE values) of the flower buds belonging to members of the genus Prunus - 6 Prunus avium cultivars ('Noir de Guben', 'Bigarreau Gaucher', 'Merton Late', 'Merton Bigarreau', 'Van' and wild genotype). In the study, mLTE values of flowers of six cherry cultivars were determined at different floral bud developmental stages such as side green, green tip, open cluster, first white and full bloom under laboratory-based freeze assays for consecutive two years. The mLTE values of flower buds changed according to both different floral bud developmental stages and sweet cherry cultivars. In our findings, the mLTE values of flower buds in all cultivars generally occurred at higher temperatures in the open cluster stage, whereas the mLTE values of the flower buds in the first white stage occurred at lower temperatures, and therefore, these results are not only controversial in terms of previous frost tolerance studies, but also the first findings to be reported in literature. Considering the two-year average, the temperatures causing mLTE values for flower buds was -1.58 to -3.74°C at the side green stage, -0.94 to -3.51°C at the green tip stage, -0.41 to -1.96°C at the open cluster stage, -2.30 to -11.52°C at the first white stage and -2.37 to -9.80°C at the full bloom stage in the range of six cultivars. In laboratory-based freezing experiments, the 'Van' cultivar were least affected by low temperatures, followed by 'Bigarreau Gaucher' cultivar and wild genotype. 'Merton Late' cultivar, on the contrary, was the most sensitive cultivar to low temperatures, followed by 'Noir de Guben' and 'Merton Bigarreau'. These results can be valuable in predicting possible frost damage at different developmental stages of the flower buds in sweet cherry.

scholarly journals Detemination of the time of pruning regarding the ability of developing flower buds and their frost tolerance in sweet cherry varieties

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Vaszily
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Nutritional Condition ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Planting Design ◽  
Slender Spindle ◽  
Spring Frosts

In sweet cherry growing, intense technology is introduced as the up to date development. Among the elements of the technology are the choice of variety, planting design and pruning are the main elements. The methods, intensity and the timing of pruning are largely dependent from the growing habits of the varieties, the light demand of the parts of different age and their tendency of getting bald on the aging zones. One of the main limiting factors of production, the frost damages are outstanding. In choosing the site of plantation, we must avoid the places, where spring frosts used to occur, the next moment is the role of the variety and the technology applied. In Hungary, the late or spring frosts are considered, however, the winter frosts may also cause heavy losses, which depend also on the health and nutritional condition of the trees when being exposed to temperature minima. Our present study is based on a 9-year-old plantation trained to slender spindle as well as to free spindle crown. We observed the development of fruiting structures and their frost damage also in relation with the timing of the pruning operations during the winter or summer, and compared also the varieties with each other.

Spring frost damage to placental tissues in lowbush blueberry flower buds

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 779-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Randall ◽  
Olson and Leonard J. Eaton
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Vaccinium Angustifolium ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Lowbush Blueberry ◽  
Commercial Yield ◽  
Spring Frosts

Closed flower buds and flowers at full bloom of Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. were collected from the field and histologically examined after severe spring frosts. Prior to anthesis, blackened ovarian placentae in closed buds were the only damaged tissues evident; placental damage may interfere with both seed and fruit set. Undetected frost damaged placentae may contribute to losses in commercial yield. Key words: Vaccinium, frost damage, placenta

scholarly journals Spring frost effects on 30 sweet cherries varieties grown in North Italy

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Roversi ◽  
E. Pattori ◽  
G. L. Malvicini ◽  
S. Sbaruffati
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Absolute Minimum ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Sweet Cherries ◽  
Fruit Harvest

After a spring frost occurred in second half of March 2008, with temperatures below 0°C for 8 days consecutively and an absolute minimum of -5.5°C, a lot of observations have been made on the sweet cherry flowers damages. In three different orchards “Italian palmetta” trained on grassing ground soil, the percentage of the flowers killed by frost, was detected and recorded considering the different genotypes and flowers height from the ground. Furthermore, in one orchard only it was possible to find relationship between flowering stage and frost damage. The results clearly confirm our previous works about the highest mortality of the flower in the upper part ( > 1.50 m) of the canopy and in the full bloom open flowers. So, in this area, the easiness of agronomic operations, like pruning and, especially, fruit harvest, due to the crown proximity to the ground, is cancelled by the frequency of spring frost.

scholarly journals Water on the Surface Aggravates Microscopic Cracking of the Sweet Cherry Fruit Cuticle

2006 ◽  
Vol 131 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Knoche ◽  
Stefanie Peschel
Keyword(s):  
Outer Surface ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
Cuticular Membrane ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Fruit Surface

The effect of surface water on the frequency of microcracks in the cuticular membrane (CM) of exocarp segments (ES) of developing sweet cherry fruit (Prunus avium L.) was studied. Strain of CM and ES on the fruit surface was preserved by mounting a stainless steel washer on the fruit surface in the cheek region using an ethyl-cyanacrylate adhesive. ES were excised by tangentially cutting underneath the washer. Frequency of microcracks in the CM of ES was determined following infiltration for 10 minutes with a 0.1% acridine orange solution by fluorescence microscopy before and after exposure to deionized water (generally 48 hours). Exposing the surface of ES of mature `Burlat' sweet cherry fruit to water resulted in a rapid increase in microcracks in the CM that approached an asymptote at about 30 microcracks/cm2 within 24 hours. There was no change in microcracks in the CM when the surface of the ES remained dry. Incubating ES in polyethylene glycol solution that was isotonic to fruit juice extracted from the same batch of fruit resulted in a greater increase in frequency of microcracks as compared to incubation in deionized water. The water-induced increase in microcracks was closely related to strain of the CM across different developmental stages within a cultivar [between 45 and 94 days after full bloom (DAFB); r2 = 0.96, P ≤ 0.001, n = 9] or across different cultivars at maturity (r2 = 0.92, P ≤ 0.0022, n = 6). Incubating ES of developing fruit in enzyme solution containing pectinase and cellulase such that the outer surface remained dry resulted in complete rupture and failure of the ES. Time to rupture and percentage of ruptured ES were closely related to the strain of the CM (r2 = 0.92, P ≤ 0.001, n = 9 and r2 = 0.68, P ≤ 0.0063, n = 9, respectively). Removal of epicuticular wax had no effect on frequency of water-induced microcracks. Also, temperature had no effect on frequency of water-induced microcracks, but frequency of microcracks increased exponentially when exposing the outer surface of ES to relative humidities above 75%. At 100% humidity the increase in frequency of microcracks did not differ from that induced by liquid water. Local wetting the surface of intact fruit in the pedicel cavity or stylar end region resulted in formation of macroscopically visible cracks despite of a net water loss of fruit. Uniaxiale tensile tests using dry and fully hydrated CM strips isolated from mature `Sam' sweet cherry fruit established that hydration increased fracture strain, but decreased fracture stress and moduli of elasticity. Our data demonstrate that exposure of the fruit surface to liquid water or high concentrations of water vapor resulted in formation of microcracks in the CM.

scholarly journals Presentation of winter flower-dub lesions of peach varieties originating from different growing areas

2007 ◽  
pp. 70-73
Author(s):  
Mária Dani
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Great Plain ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Tolerant Variety ◽  
The Difference

Although there are many critical points in peach production, in Hungary, winter frost damage is one of the most significant. Serious winter frost damage on the Hungarian Great Plain was the focus of our experiments. The adequate growth and the most adaptable varieties are determining factors in peach production. In our experiments, we compared three growing areas (Siófok, Sóskút, Szatymaz) and four different varieties (Suncrest, Redhaven, Meystar, Michellini). Throughout these growing areas and with varieties, we wanted to demonstrate the differences in the frost damage values of the flower buds in 2005 and 2006.In the course of the statistical trials, we found that the difference between the varieties is significant (table 2). The most tolerant variety as for frost tolerance is the ‘Michellini’ variety, and the worst is the ‘Suncrest’ variety. We also found that these data are significant. When we examined the varieties according to their growth, we got the same results (table 3). We determined that the differences between growth are significant and related to these four varieties and the two years (2005-2006), that frost damage was the highest at Szatymaz, and that it was the lowest in Sóskút.

scholarly journals Freeze Susceptibility of Fruit Buds in 67 Apple cultivars in Hungary

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Tóth
Keyword(s):  
Frost Damage ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
Spring Frosts ◽  
As Effects ◽  
Increased Susceptibility ◽  
Made In

Frost damage is one of the most important risks of apple production. Outstanding importance has been attributed to the frost resistance of flower-buds as decisive sites of fruit production. Browning of plants parts and tissues exposed to natural weather adversities are considered as effects of frost. In Hungary, frost damage on flower buds of both the market and new cultivars has not been assessed earlier. Observations referring to the consequences of frost damages of over four critical years, marked by their peculiar winter and spring frost hazards. Parallel observations have been made in four sites of the growing area in the Great-Plain region. 67 apple cultivars have been assessed. Each cultivar was represented by 3 trees, which were sampled at about 1-1.5 m height over ground, where the buds or inflorescences were picked for the purpose to assess the injury. The buds and flowers are cut longitudinally and rated visually according to the extent of browning of the organs and tissues. Susceptibility of different organs of the flower (pistils and anthers) were rated separately. According to our results, most resistant to spring frosts are the following cultivars: 'Gloster', 'Granny Smith' and appreciable tolerance is attributed in 'Gala' and 'Jonathan' with derivatives. Preliminary results that among the scab resistant cultivars, `Baujade', 'Rewena', 'Liberty', `Resi' and 'Renora' are rather frost resistant. Information, lacking hitherto, is obtained upon 'Reka' and 'Reglindis' as for their increased susceptibility.

scholarly journals THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SWEET CHERRY FLOWER BUD DEVELOPMENT AND FRUIT QUALITY

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 668b-668
Author(s):  
Preston K. Andrews ◽  
Shulin Li ◽  
Margaret L. Collier
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Flower Bud Development

The development of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L., `Bing') flower buds from winter through anthesis was examined. Shoots were collected from the top and bottom of the canopy. The weight and size of flower buds and primordia produced on last-season's and 1-year-old wood were measured. As early as mid-December bud and primordia size and weight were greater on last-season's wood than on 1-year-old wood, with the largest and heaviest buds and primordia produced on last-season's wood in the bottom of the canopy. There was a significant negative correlation between the number of primordia per bud and primordium weight. The relationship between flower bud and primordia size during mid-December and ovary size at anthesis suggests a causal relationship, which may be a major source of variation influencing harvested fruit size and quality.

scholarly journals Regulating Budbreak, Flowering, and Fruit Maturity in Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium L.) cv. `Bing' by Surfactant and Nitrate Applications

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 603e-603
Author(s):  
K.G. Weis ◽  
S.M. Southwick ◽  
J.T. Yeager ◽  
W.W. Coates ◽  
Michael E. Rupert
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Fruit Maturity ◽  
Flower And Fruit Development

The years 1995 and 1996 were low chill years in California with respect to stone fruit dormancy. Advancing reproductive budbreak and flowering was accomplished in `Bing' cherry (Prunus avium) by single-spray treatments of a surfactant {a polymeric alkoxylated fatty amine [N,N-bis 2-(omega-hydroxypolyoxyethylene/polyoxypropylene) ethyl alkylamine]} and potassium nitrate in combination when applied at “tightbud,” ≈ 42 days (1 Feb. 1995) before full bloom and with surfactant and potassium nitrate in combination when 10% green calyx was apparent, 33 days before full bloom. Applying 2% surfactant (v/v) + 6% potassium nitrate (w/v) was most effective in advancing bloom, speeding progression through bloom, and advancing fruit maturity when applied at tightbud stage. Surfactant (2% or 4%) applied with 25% or 35% calcium nitrate (w/v) on 2 Feb. 1996 significantly advanced full bloom compared to nontreated controls. Fruit maturity (1995) was somewhat advanced by surfactant–nitrate treatments, but fruit set and final fruit weight were equivalent among treatments. No phytotoxicity was noted in foliage or fruit. In California, marginal and insufficient winter chilling often causes irregular, extended, or delayed bloom periods, resulting in poor bloom-overlap with pollenizers. As a result, flower and fruit development may be so variable as to have small, green and ripe fruit on the same tree, making harvest more time consuming and costly. Data indicate that this surfactant, in combination with a nitrogenous compound, has potential to advance reproductive budbreak and advance maturity in sweet cherry without reducing fruit set or fruit size. Advancing the ripening time of sweet cherry even 2 to 3 days can increase the price received per 8.2-kg box by $10 to $20.

scholarly journals Freeze Susceptibility of Fruit Buds in 67 Apple cultivars in Hungary

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Tóth M.
Keyword(s):  
Frost Damage ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
Spring Frosts ◽  
As Effects ◽  
Increased Susceptibility ◽  
Made In

Frost damage is one of the most important risks of apple production. Outstanding importance has been attributed to the frost resistance of flower-buds as decisive sites of fruit production. Browning of plants parts and tissues exposed to natural weather adversities are considered as effects of frost. In Hungary, frost damage on flower buds of both the market and new cultivars has not been assessed earlier. Observations referring to the consequences of frost damages of over four critical years, marked by their peculiar winter and spring frost hazards. Parallel observations have been made in four sites of the growing area in the Great-Plain region. 67 apple cultivars have been assessed. Each cultivar was represented by 3 trees, which were sampled at about 1-1.5 m height over ground, where the buds or inflorescences were picked for the purpose to assess the injury. The buds and flowers are cut longitudinally and rated visually according to the extent of browning of the organs and tissues. Susceptibility of different organs of the flower (pistils and anthers) were rated separately. According to our results, most resistant to spring frosts are the following cultivars: 'Gloster', 'Granny Smith' and appreciable tolerance is attributed in 'Gala' and 'Jonathan' with derivatives. Preliminary results that among the scab resistant cultivars, `Baujade', 'Rewena', 'Liberty', `Resi' and 'Renora' are rather frost resistant. Information, lacking hitherto, is obtained upon 'Reka' and 'Reglindis' as for their increased susceptibility.

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