Floristic Composition, Diversity and Plant Community Along Elevational Gradients in the Afro-alpine Vegetation of Abohoy Gara Mountain, northern Ethiopia

Abstract This research was conducted in Afro-alpine vegetation of Abohoy Gara Mountain in northern Ethiopia with the aim of analyzing floristic composition along elevational gradients, threats and conservation methods. Data were collected from 53 quadrats (15 m x 15 m) laid at 100 m interval along parallel vertical transects spaced at 500m to each other to record shrubs and trees, whereas 1 m x 1 m plots were used to record herbs. Cover abundance data were used to do community analysis using R version 3.1.2 software. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to determine significant level of species richness; abundance and Shannon diversity index along elevational gradient, whereas pearson’s correlation test was applied to check the relationship between environmental variables with species richness, species abundance and Shannon diversity index (H’) using SPSS v20. Ninety-seven plant species composed of 82 genera under 40 families were recorded. The mean number of plant species showed significant difference along elevational gradient (P < 0.05). Besides, significant (P < 0.05) negative correlation of elevation with the plant richness, abundance as well as Shannon diversity index had been observed. Based on dominant species, a total of five plant communities were identified. The maximum plant diversity occurred in community type III (3.79), whereas the least plant diversity occurred in community type IV and community type V. Vegetation cover and species composition of Abohoy Gara Mountain is being endangered by agricultural expansion, over grazing and logging of wood for construction material. Hence, it needs application of complementary on-site and offsite conservation approaches. This calls for further joint management of the Abohoy Gara Mountain by the local people and administrative bodies in the overall conservation actions that can save and rehabilitate the plant resources and their habitats.

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Species richness and diversity in shrub savanna using ordinary kriging

Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-204x2016000800008 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 51 (8) ◽

pp. 958-966 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Anderson Pedro Bernardina Batista ◽

José Márcio de Mello ◽

Marcel Régis Raimundo ◽

Henrique Ferraço Scolforo ◽

Aliny Aparecida dos Reis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Species Richness ◽

Spatial Dependence ◽

Ordinary Kriging ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Spatial Models ◽

Shannon Diversity Index ◽

Shannon Diversity ◽

Species Richness And Diversity ◽

Number Of Species

Abstract: The objective of this work was to analyze the spatial distribution and the behavior of species richness and diversity in a shrub savanna fragment, in 2003 and 2014, using ordinary kriging, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. In both evaluation years, the measurements were performed in a fragment with 236.85 hectares, in which individual trees were measured and identified across 40 plots (1,000 m2). Species richness was determined by the total number of species in each plot, and diversity by the Shannon diversity index. For the variogram study, spatial models were fitted and selected. Then, ordinary kriging was applied and the spatial distribution of the assessed variables was described. A strong spatial dependence was observed between species richness and diversity by the Shannon diversity index (<25% spatial dependence degree). Areas of low and high species diversity and richness were found in the shrub savanna fragment. Spatial distribution behavior shows relative stability regarding the number of species and the Shannon diversity index in the evaluated years.

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A checklist of gilled mushrooms (Basidiomycota: Agaricomycetes) with diversity analysis in Hollongapar Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam, India

Journal of Threatened Taxa ◽

10.11609/jott.1770.7.15.8272-8287 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 7 (15) ◽

pp. 8272 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Girish Gogoi ◽

Vipin Parkash

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Abundant Species ◽

Shannon Diversity Index ◽

Diversity Analysis ◽

Wildlife Sanctuary ◽

Shannon Diversity ◽

Number Of Species ◽

Simpson Diversity Index ◽

Richness Index

Hollongapar Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary is comprised of five distinct compartments. A total of 138 species of gilled mushrooms belonging to 48 genera, 23 families, five orders of the class Agaricomycetes, division Basidiomycota, have been collected and analyzed. The order Agaricales was was found with the highest number of species (113), followed by Russulales (14), Polyporales (5), Cantharellales (4) and Boletales (2). The species Coprinellus disseminatus and Megacollybia rodmani have shown the highest (8.26) and the lowest density (0.05), respectively. A total of 24 species, e.g., Termitomyces albuminosus, Marasmius curreyi, Marasmiellus candidus, Leucocoprinus medioflavus, Mycena leaiana, Hygrocybe miniata, Collybia chrysoropha, Gymnopus confluens were common with frequency percentage of 11.9, whereas Megacollybia rodmani with less frequency percentage (2.4) was found only in few quadrates of the sanctuary. The highly abundant species were Termitomyces medius (91.7) and Coprinellus disseminatus (86.8), and less abundant species were Psilocybe wayanadensis (1.0) and Lepiota sp. (1.0) in the study site. The order of the species richness index (R) compartment wise was 2>3>4>5>1. Both the Shannon diversity index and Simpson diversity index of agarics was maximum (1.88, 0.98) in compartment 2, whereas minimum (1.72, 0.95) in compartment 1 and 5, respectively. Moreover, the compartment 2 was found very much similar with compartment 3 and very less similar with compartment 1.<div> </div>

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Effects of Landscape Change on Floristic Composition and Structure in the Bale Mountains National Park, Southeastern Ethiopia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-125113/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Annissa Muhammed ◽

Eyasu Elias

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Landscape Change ◽

National Park ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Basal Area ◽

Floristic Composition ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Environmental Data ◽

Conservation Action ◽

Shannon Diversity

Abstract BackgroundBale mountains national park (BMNP) is one of the 34 International Biodiversity Hotspots that comprise a variety of life forms. However, it faces a critical challenge from subsistence farming and overgrazing. This study was made to analyze the effects of landscape change on floristic composition, diversity, and structure in BMNP. The vegetation and environmental data were collected from 96 plots that were laid along 8 line transects. Vegetation hierarchical clustering and landscape structural analysis was made using R software version 3.5.2 and FRAGSTATS version 4.2.1, respectively. ResultsA total of 205 species that belongs to 153 genera and 71 families were identified. The overall Shannon diversity and evenness index was 4.34 and 0.81, respectively. Both the species richness and Shannon diversity index were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the edge habitat (40 ± 0.2 and 2.93 ± 0.2, respectively) than the interior (25 ± 4.5 and 2.43 ± 0.4, respectively). Conversely, the basal area was lower in the interior habitat (173.79 m2 ha-1) than the edge (64.15 m2 ha-1). Moreover, as AREA_MN and COA of patches increases, species richness, diversity, evenness, woody species density, basal area, DBH, and height also increases. Whereas, as PN, SHAPE_MN, ED, ENN_MN, and IJI of patches increases, those floristic compositions and structural variables decrease. ConclusionThis study revealed that BMNP is a biologically diverse and ecologically significant area that provides a variety of ecological and economic benefits to the surrounding communities and the country at large. However, its landscape is changing alarmingly and urgent restoration and conservation action needs to be taken to reverse this condition.

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The Effects of Landscape Change on Plant Diversity and Structure in the Bale Mountains National Park, Southeastern Ethiopia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-125113/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Annissa Muhammed ◽

Eyasu Elias

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Landscape Change ◽

National Park ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Basal Area ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Shannon Diversity Index ◽

Anthropogenic Factors ◽

Conservation Action ◽

Shannon Diversity

Abstract Background: This study aimed to determine the effects of landscape change on floristic composition, diversity, and structure in the Bale mountains national park, which faces a critical challenge from anthropogenic factors. The park is one of the 34 International Biodiversity Hotspots that comprise a variety of life forms. The vegetation data were collected systematically from 96 sample plots laid along 24 line transects. Vegetation composition and landscape structural analysis were made using R software version 3.5.2 and FRAGSTATS version 4.2.1, respectively.Results: Patch number was strong and positively affected species richness (r = -0.90, p < 0.05) and Shannon diversity index (r = -0.96, p < 0.01), and basal area (r = -0.96, p < 0.001), whereas mean patch size was strong and positively influenced species richness (r = 0.95, p < 0.05), diversity (r = 0.87, p < 0.05), and basal area (r = 0.82, p < 0.05). The overall species richness, Shannon diversity index, and Margalef index were significantly higher in the edge habitat than the interior at p < 0.05. However, the mean basal area of woody species in the interior habitat (11.16 ± 1.82 m2 ha-1) was significantly higher than the edge (3.99 ± 0.54 m2 ha-1) at p < 0.05.Conclusion: This study revealed that the park was a biologically diverse and ecologically significant area that provides a variety of ecological and economic benefits to the surrounding communities. Though its habitats are changing alarmingly and urgent restoration and conservation action need to be taken to reverse this situation.

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Diversity of Ground-Dwelling Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Phulchowki Hill, Lalitpur, Nepal

Tribhuvan University Journal ◽

10.3126/tuj.v35i1.35829 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 11-20

Author(s):

Tulsi Raj Adhikari ◽

Shubha Ratna Shakya ◽

Shambhu Adhikari ◽

Indra Prasad Subedi

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Species Abundance ◽

Similarity Index ◽

Shannon Diversity Index ◽

Pitfall Traps ◽

Species Evenness ◽

Shannon Diversity ◽

Altitudinal Range ◽

Collection Methods

The study assesses the diversity of ground-dwelling ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Phulchowki Hill, Lalitpur, Nepal focusing their species richness altitudinally and seasonally. Ants were sampled from June 2018 to February 2019using pitfall traps, bait traps and hand collection methods covering an altitudinal range from 1500 m to 2700 m in five selected sites (1500 m, 1800 m, 2100 m,2400 m, and 2700 m). A total of 1443 specimens representing four subfamilies, 12genera and 18 morph species were collected. Formicinae (57.58%) was recorded as the most abundant subfamily followed by Myrmicinae (38.53%), Ponerinae (2.21%) and Pseudomyrmicinae (1.66%). Camponotus was the most speciose (4morphospecies) genus and was most abundant in all seasons. The highest Similarity index (0.667) was recorded between the first and second sites among five sites. Species richness (16), Shannon diversity index (1.504) and abundance (631) were the highest in autumn. Similarly, species richness (12), Shannon diversity index (1.399) and species evenness (0.563) were recorded highest at 2100 m altitude, while species abundance (519) was maximum at 1500 m.

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Ethnobotanical Study and Plant Diversity in the Forest of Kedarnath Valley, Garhwal Himalaya, India

Nature Environment and Pollution Technology ◽

10.46488/nept.2021.v20i03.002 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Chandi Prasad ◽

Ramesh C. Sharma ◽

Rahul Kumar

Keyword(s):

Plant Species ◽

Plant Diversity ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Ecological Status ◽

Garhwal Himalaya ◽

Shannon Diversity Index ◽

Ethnobotanical Study ◽

Project Area ◽

Shannon Diversity ◽

Kedarnath Valley

The present study was carried out in the forest of Kedarnath valley in Garhwal Himalaya. The aim of the study was to access the diversity status and ecological status. The study was conducted following the stratified sampling techniques by placing quadrates (1m×1m) for herbs, (5m×5m) for shrubs, and (10m×10m) size for trees in the forest area. A total number of 221 plant species were recorded during the floristic survey in the project area. Plant diversity of the project area encompasses 49 species of trees, 28 species of shrubs, and 144 species of herbs. Important value index, the Shannon diversity index, and total basal area species were recorded. The tree density in the present study was highest in the Kedarnath valley which ranged from 0.3 to 8.5 no./ha. Shrub density in the present study varied from 0.4 to 13.5 no./ha, whereas herb density ranged between 0.2 to 22.4 no.ha-1. Total basal cover (TBC) for trees showed a range of 9.542 to 0.075 m2.ha-1, and the Shannon diversity index (H) for tree species was recorded from a minimum of 0.976 to a maximum of 3.048. The horrific disaster in the Kedarnath valley in 2013 caused a lot of damage to the bugyals (High altitude grass) and forests of the valley. About 500 species of vesicular medicinal plants, fodder plants, and other important plant species were washed away (Botanical Survey of India 2015). The current study is a pioneer in the aspect and can be helpful in making district forest plans, protocols, and implementation of forest policy to protect the forest by local people.

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Changes in forest structure and composition in a successional tropical dry forest

Revista Forestal Mesoamericana Kurú ◽

10.18845/rfmk.v14i35.3149 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (35) ◽

pp. 12 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Sofía Calvo-Rodriguez ◽

Julio Calvo-Alvarado ◽

Mario M Do Espírito-Santo ◽

Yule R. F. Nunes

Keyword(s):

Forest Structure ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Tropical Dry Forest ◽

Floristic Composition ◽

Dry Forest ◽

Shannon Diversity Index ◽

Jaccard Similarity ◽

Shannon Diversity ◽

Complexity Index ◽

Successional Stages

We describe changes in forest structure and floristic composition of three successional stages for Mata Seca State Park, in Minas Gerais, Brazil, through the measurement of all trees greater than 5 cm of diameter at breast height (DBH) of 18 permanent plots (6 per stage) for early, intermediate, and late successional stages of a tropical dry forest during a 5-year period. Using this information, we calculated the Importance Value Index (IVI), Holdridge Complexity Index, Jaccard Similarity Coefficient, and Shannon Diversity Index for each stage of succession. The floristic composition and structure of the successional stages expressed by the Holdridge Complexity Index, showed that complexity increases gradually as we advance through the successional stages, while the Shannon Diversity Index indicated that species diversity was higher in the intermediate stage of succession. The Jaccard Similarity Coefficients showed that the intermediate and late successional stages had high similarity, whereas the early successional stage had low similarity with these two successional stages. Mortality rates were higher in the early stage, especially in stems with smaller diameters (5-10cm). This information contributes to the dissemination of important knowledge for the conservation of the tropical dry forests of Brazil, which are the most threatened ecosystems in this country and, at the same time, the least studied.

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The system of faunacomponents conception and its application to qualify the degree of naturalness of fish assemblages

Acta Agraria Debreceniensis ◽

10.34101/actaagrar/25/3041 ◽

2007 ◽

pp. 93-101

Author(s):

Péter Sály

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Endemic Species ◽

Native Species ◽

Fish Assemblages ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Shannon Diversity Index ◽

Human Influence ◽

Shannon Diversity ◽

Biogeographic Regions ◽

Special Case

The increase of species richness in communities of natural biogeographic regions in an anthropogenic way can be expressed as biogeographic pollution. Where there is contaminated fauna, one must investigate how this occured. I studied how the members of Hungarian fishfauna could be present resident and have managed to workout a so-called system of fauna component conception which is suitable for this requirement.The expression of ’faunacomponent’ includes other expressions. That kind of species belong to a certain faunacomponent that reached the studied area in the same way. Species reached the studied area without an anthropogenious contribution are qualified as native fauna components. These kind of species are endemic species, occasional species and settlers. In contrast to native faunacomponents, some kind of human influence is always detectable in connection with the way reached the studied area by non-native species. Accordingly, group of non-native species includes directly or indirectly facilitated settlers, species that are introduced accidentally and those introduced intentionally. It is obvious that classifying a given species could be construed solely in connection with a certain area.Applying Shannon diversity index I have initiated the assemblage natural index (ANI) in order to show a way how to use the system of faunacomponent conception in practice. ANI refers to the degree of naturalness of faunistical samples. If ANI > 1 it means there are not any non-native species and ANI < 1 it means there are some non-native species in the sample respectively. In the latter case ANI decreases proportionally with the number of non-native species and specimens. In that special case when only one specimen of only one non-native species can be found in the faunistical sample ANI = 1.

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On a Variational Definition for the Jensen-Shannon Symmetrization of Distances Based on the Information Radius

Entropy ◽

10.3390/e23040464 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 464

Author(s):

Frank Nielsen

Keyword(s):

Diversity Index ◽

Diversity Indices ◽

Shannon Diversity Index ◽

Probability Measures ◽

Variational Optimization ◽

Shannon Diversity ◽

Concept Of Information ◽

Jensen Shannon Divergence

We generalize the Jensen-Shannon divergence and the Jensen-Shannon diversity index by considering a variational definition with respect to a generic mean, thereby extending the notion of Sibson’s information radius. The variational definition applies to any arbitrary distance and yields a new way to define a Jensen-Shannon symmetrization of distances. When the variational optimization is further constrained to belong to prescribed families of probability measures, we get relative Jensen-Shannon divergences and their equivalent Jensen-Shannon symmetrizations of distances that generalize the concept of information projections. Finally, we touch upon applications of these variational Jensen-Shannon divergences and diversity indices to clustering and quantization tasks of probability measures, including statistical mixtures.

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Diversity metrics, species turnovers and nestedness of bird assemblages in a deep karst sinkhole

Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution ◽

10.1163/22244662-06301009 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 63 (2) ◽

pp. 8-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Corrado Battisti ◽

Marco Giardini ◽

Francesca Marini ◽

Lorena Di Rocco ◽

Giuseppe Dodaro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Random Distribution ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Species Turnover ◽

Floristic Composition ◽

Bird Assemblages ◽

Β Diversity ◽

Stick Model ◽

Karst Sinkhole

We reported a study on breeding birds occurring inside an 80 m-deep karst sinkhole, with the characterization of the assemblages recorded along its semi-vertical slopes from the upper edge until the bottom. The internal sides of the sinkhole have been vertically subdivided in four belts about 20 m high. The highest belt (at the upper edge of the cenote) showed the highest values in mean number of bird detections, mean and normalized species richness, and Shannon diversity index. The averaged values of number of detections and species richness significantly differ among belts. Species turnover (Cody’s β-diversity) was maximum between the highest belts. Whittaker plots showed a marked difference among assemblages shaping from broken-stick model to geometric series, and explicited a spatial progressive stress with a disruption in evenness towards the deepest belts. Bird assemblages evidenced a nested subset structure with deeper belts containing successive subsets of the species occurring in the upper belts. We hypothesize that, at least during the daytime in breeding season, the observed non-random distribution of species along the vertical stratification is likely due to (i) the progressive simplification both of the floristic composition and vegetation structure, and (ii) the paucity of sunlight as resources from the upper edge to the inner side of the cenote.

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