scholarly journals The Effects of Landscape Change on Plant Diversity and Structure in the Bale Mountains National Park, Southeastern Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annissa Muhammed ◽  
Eyasu Elias
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Landscape Change ◽  
National Park ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Shannon Diversity Index ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Conservation Action ◽  
Shannon Diversity

Abstract Background: This study aimed to determine the effects of landscape change on floristic composition, diversity, and structure in the Bale mountains national park, which faces a critical challenge from anthropogenic factors. The park is one of the 34 International Biodiversity Hotspots that comprise a variety of life forms. The vegetation data were collected systematically from 96 sample plots laid along 24 line transects. Vegetation composition and landscape structural analysis were made using R software version 3.5.2 and FRAGSTATS version 4.2.1, respectively.Results: Patch number was strong and positively affected species richness (r = -0.90, p < 0.05) and Shannon diversity index (r = -0.96, p < 0.01), and basal area (r = -0.96, p < 0.001), whereas mean patch size was strong and positively influenced species richness (r = 0.95, p < 0.05), diversity (r = 0.87, p < 0.05), and basal area (r = 0.82, p < 0.05). The overall species richness, Shannon diversity index, and Margalef index were significantly higher in the edge habitat than the interior at p < 0.05. However, the mean basal area of woody species in the interior habitat (11.16 ± 1.82 m2 ha-1) was significantly higher than the edge (3.99 ± 0.54 m2 ha-1) at p < 0.05.Conclusion: This study revealed that the park was a biologically diverse and ecologically significant area that provides a variety of ecological and economic benefits to the surrounding communities. Though its habitats are changing alarmingly and urgent restoration and conservation action need to be taken to reverse this situation.

scholarly journals Effects of Landscape Change on Floristic Composition and Structure in the Bale Mountains National Park, Southeastern Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annissa Muhammed ◽  
Eyasu Elias
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Landscape Change ◽  
National Park ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Conservation Action ◽  
Shannon Diversity

Abstract BackgroundBale mountains national park (BMNP) is one of the 34 International Biodiversity Hotspots that comprise a variety of life forms. However, it faces a critical challenge from subsistence farming and overgrazing. This study was made to analyze the effects of landscape change on floristic composition, diversity, and structure in BMNP. The vegetation and environmental data were collected from 96 plots that were laid along 8 line transects. Vegetation hierarchical clustering and landscape structural analysis was made using R software version 3.5.2 and FRAGSTATS version 4.2.1, respectively. ResultsA total of 205 species that belongs to 153 genera and 71 families were identified. The overall Shannon diversity and evenness index was 4.34 and 0.81, respectively. Both the species richness and Shannon diversity index were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the edge habitat (40 ± 0.2 and 2.93 ± 0.2, respectively) than the interior (25 ± 4.5 and 2.43 ± 0.4, respectively). Conversely, the basal area was lower in the interior habitat (173.79 m2 ha-1) than the edge (64.15 m2 ha-1). Moreover, as AREA_MN and COA of patches increases, species richness, diversity, evenness, woody species density, basal area, DBH, and height also increases. Whereas, as PN, SHAPE_MN, ED, ENN_MN, and IJI of patches increases, those floristic compositions and structural variables decrease. ConclusionThis study revealed that BMNP is a biologically diverse and ecologically significant area that provides a variety of ecological and economic benefits to the surrounding communities and the country at large. However, its landscape is changing alarmingly and urgent restoration and conservation action needs to be taken to reverse this condition.

scholarly journals The Effects of Landscape Change on Plant Diversity and Structure in the Bale Mountains National Park, Southeastern Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Annissa Muhammed ◽  
Eyasu Elias
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Landscape Change ◽  
National Park ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Economic Benefits

Bale Mountains National Park is one of the protected areas in Ethiopia that holds the largest area of Afroalpine habitat in Africa and the second largest stand of moist tropical forest. Nevertheless, human settlements, overgrazing, and recurrent fire are the main problems in the park. This study aimed to determine the effects of human-induced landscape change in floristic composition and structure in the park. The vegetation data were collected systematically from 96 sample plots laid along 24 line transects in the edge and interior habitats of the six land cover types. Vegetation composition and landscape structural analysis were made using R software version 3.5.2 and FRAGSTATS version 4.2.1, respectively. Patch number was strong and positively affected species richness (r = −0.90, p < 0.05 ), diversity (r = −0.96, p < 0.01 ), and basal area (r = −0.96, p < 0.001 ), whereas mean patch size was strong and negatively influenced species richness (r = 0.95, p < 0.05 ), diversity (r = 0.87, p < 0.05 ), and basal area (r = 0.82, p < 0.05 ). The overall species richness, Shannon diversity index, and Margalef index were significantly higher in the edge habitat; however, the mean basal area of woody species was significantly higher in the interior habitat at p < 0.05 . This study uncovered that the park is floristically rich and diverse, and it provides a variety of ecological and economic benefits to the surrounding community and to the nation at large. However, these benefits are gradually declining due to the high level of anthropogenic activities in the park. Thus, integrated environmental management strategy that blends with sustainable use of natural resources should be implemented to minimize the threats.

scholarly journals Species richness and diversity in shrub savanna using ordinary kriging

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 958-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anderson Pedro Bernardina Batista ◽  
José Márcio de Mello ◽  
Marcel Régis Raimundo ◽  
Henrique Ferraço Scolforo ◽  
Aliny Aparecida dos Reis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Spatial Dependence ◽  
Ordinary Kriging ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Spatial Models ◽  
Shannon Diversity Index ◽  
Shannon Diversity ◽  
Species Richness And Diversity ◽  
Number Of Species

Abstract: The objective of this work was to analyze the spatial distribution and the behavior of species richness and diversity in a shrub savanna fragment, in 2003 and 2014, using ordinary kriging, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. In both evaluation years, the measurements were performed in a fragment with 236.85 hectares, in which individual trees were measured and identified across 40 plots (1,000 m2). Species richness was determined by the total number of species in each plot, and diversity by the Shannon diversity index. For the variogram study, spatial models were fitted and selected. Then, ordinary kriging was applied and the spatial distribution of the assessed variables was described. A strong spatial dependence was observed between species richness and diversity by the Shannon diversity index (<25% spatial dependence degree). Areas of low and high species diversity and richness were found in the shrub savanna fragment. Spatial distribution behavior shows relative stability regarding the number of species and the Shannon diversity index in the evaluated years.

scholarly journals A checklist of gilled mushrooms (Basidiomycota: Agaricomycetes) with diversity analysis in Hollongapar Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam, India

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (15) ◽  
pp. 8272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Girish Gogoi ◽  
Vipin Parkash
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Shannon Diversity Index ◽  
Diversity Analysis ◽  
Wildlife Sanctuary ◽  
Shannon Diversity ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Simpson Diversity Index ◽  
Richness Index

<p>Hollongapar Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary is comprised of five distinct compartments.  A total of 138 species of gilled mushrooms belonging to 48 genera, 23 families, five orders of the class Agaricomycetes, division Basidiomycota, have been collected and analyzed. The order Agaricales was was found with the highest number of species (113), followed by Russulales (14), Polyporales (5), Cantharellales (4) and Boletales (2). The species <em>Coprinellus disseminatus </em>and <em>Megacollybia rodmani</em> have shown the highest (8.26) and the lowest density (0.05), respectively.  A total of 24 species, e.g., <em>Termitomyces albuminosus, Marasmius curreyi, Marasmiellus candidus, Leucocoprinus medioflavus, Mycena leaiana, Hygrocybe miniata, Collybia chrysoropha, Gymnopus confluens</em> were common with frequency percentage of 11.9, whereas <em>Megacollybia rodmani</em> with less frequency percentage (2.4) was found only in few quadrates of the sanctuary.  The highly abundant species were <em>Termitomyces medius</em> (91.7) and <em>Coprinellus disseminatus </em>(86.8), and less abundant species were <em>Psilocybe wayanadensis</em> (1.0) and <em>Lepiota</em> sp. (1.0) in the study site.  The order of the species richness index (<em>R</em>) compartment wise was 2&gt;3&gt;4&gt;5&gt;1. Both the Shannon diversity index and Simpson diversity index of agarics was maximum (1.88, 0.98) in compartment 2, whereas minimum (1.72, 0.95) in compartment 1 and 5, respectively.  Moreover, the compartment 2 was found very much similar with compartment 3 and very less similar with compartment 1.</p><div> </div>

scholarly journals Diversity of Ground-Dwelling Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Phulchowki Hill, Lalitpur, Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
Tulsi Raj Adhikari ◽  
Shubha Ratna Shakya ◽  
Shambhu Adhikari ◽  
Indra Prasad Subedi
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Shannon Diversity Index ◽  
Pitfall Traps ◽  
Species Evenness ◽  
Shannon Diversity ◽  
Altitudinal Range ◽  
Collection Methods

The study assesses the diversity of ground-dwelling ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Phulchowki Hill, Lalitpur, Nepal focusing their species richness altitudinally and seasonally. Ants were sampled from June 2018 to February 2019using pitfall traps, bait traps and hand collection methods covering an altitudinal range from 1500 m to 2700 m in five selected sites (1500 m, 1800 m, 2100 m,2400 m, and 2700 m). A total of 1443 specimens representing four subfamilies, 12genera and 18 morph species were collected. Formicinae (57.58%) was recorded as the most abundant subfamily followed by Myrmicinae (38.53%), Ponerinae (2.21%) and Pseudomyrmicinae (1.66%). Camponotus was the most speciose (4morphospecies) genus and was most abundant in all seasons. The highest Similarity index (0.667) was recorded between the first and second sites among five sites. Species richness (16), Shannon diversity index (1.504) and abundance (631) were the highest in autumn. Similarly, species richness (12), Shannon diversity index (1.399) and species evenness (0.563) were recorded highest at 2100 m altitude, while species abundance (519) was maximum at 1500 m.

scholarly journals The system of faunacomponents conception and its application to qualify the degree of naturalness of fish assemblages

2007 ◽  
pp. 93-101
Author(s):  
Péter Sály
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Endemic Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Fish Assemblages ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Shannon Diversity Index ◽  
Human Influence ◽  
Shannon Diversity ◽  
Biogeographic Regions ◽  
Special Case

The increase of species richness in communities of natural biogeographic regions in an anthropogenic way can be expressed as biogeographic pollution. Where there is contaminated fauna, one must investigate how this occured. I studied how the members of Hungarian fishfauna could be present resident and have managed to workout a so-called system of fauna component conception which is suitable for this requirement.The expression of ’faunacomponent’ includes other expressions. That kind of species belong to a certain faunacomponent that reached the studied area in the same way. Species reached the studied area without an anthropogenious contribution are qualified as native fauna components. These kind of species are endemic species, occasional species and settlers. In contrast to native faunacomponents, some kind of human influence is always detectable in connection with the way reached the studied area by non-native species. Accordingly, group of non-native species includes directly or indirectly facilitated settlers, species that are introduced accidentally and those introduced intentionally. It is obvious that classifying a given species could be construed solely in connection with a certain area.Applying Shannon diversity index I have initiated the assemblage natural index (ANI) in order to show a way how to use the system of faunacomponent conception in practice. ANI refers to the degree of naturalness of faunistical samples. If ANI > 1 it means there are not any non-native species and ANI < 1 it means there are some non-native species in the sample respectively. In the latter case ANI decreases proportionally with the number of non-native species and specimens. In that special case when only one specimen of only one non-native species can be found in the faunistical sample ANI = 1.

scholarly journals Floristic Composition, Diversity and Plant Community Along Elevational Gradients in the Afro-alpine Vegetation of Abohoy Gara Mountain, northern Ethiopia

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhidin Tahir ◽  
Yemane G. Egzabher ◽  
Meheretu Yonas ◽  
Kidane Giday ◽  
Hayal Lemma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Elevational Gradient ◽  
Shannon Diversity Index ◽  
Community Type ◽  
Northern Ethiopia ◽  
Alpine Vegetation ◽  
Shannon Diversity

Abstract This research was conducted in Afro-alpine vegetation of Abohoy Gara Mountain in northern Ethiopia with the aim of analyzing floristic composition along elevational gradients, threats and conservation methods. Data were collected from 53 quadrats (15 m x 15 m) laid at 100 m interval along parallel vertical transects spaced at 500m to each other to record shrubs and trees, whereas 1 m x 1 m plots were used to record herbs. Cover abundance data were used to do community analysis using R version 3.1.2 software. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to determine significant level of species richness; abundance and Shannon diversity index along elevational gradient, whereas pearson’s correlation test was applied to check the relationship between environmental variables with species richness, species abundance and Shannon diversity index (H’) using SPSS v20. Ninety-seven plant species composed of 82 genera under 40 families were recorded. The mean number of plant species showed significant difference along elevational gradient (P < 0.05). Besides, significant (P < 0.05) negative correlation of elevation with the plant richness, abundance as well as Shannon diversity index had been observed. Based on dominant species, a total of five plant communities were identified. The maximum plant diversity occurred in community type III (3.79), whereas the least plant diversity occurred in community type IV and community type V. Vegetation cover and species composition of Abohoy Gara Mountain is being endangered by agricultural expansion, over grazing and logging of wood for construction material. Hence, it needs application of complementary on-site and offsite conservation approaches. This calls for further joint management of the Abohoy Gara Mountain by the local people and administrative bodies in the overall conservation actions that can save and rehabilitate the plant resources and their habitats.

Floristic Variation of Tree Communities and Their Association with Soil Properties in Pulau Jerejak, Penang, Peninsular Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Faezah Pardi
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Importance Value ◽  
Conservation Action ◽  
Endangered Tree ◽  
Endangered Tree Species ◽  
Tree Communities ◽  
Floristic Variation

This study was conducted at Pulau Jerejak, Penang to determine the floristic variation of its tree communities. A 0.5-hectare study plot was established and divided into 11 subplots. A total of 587 trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) of 5 cm and above were measured, identified and recorded. The tree communities comprised of 84 species, 63 genera and 32 families. The Myrtaceae was the most speciose family with 10 recorded species while Syzgium glaucum (Myrtaceae) was the most frequent species. The Myrtaceae recorded the highest density of 306 individuals while Syzgium glaucum (Myrtaceae) had the highest species density of 182 individuals. Total tree basal area (BA) was 21.47 m2/ha and family with the highest BA was Myrtaceae with 5.81 m2/ha while at species level, Syzgium glaucum (Myrtaceae) was the species with the highest total BA in the plot with value of 4.95 m2/ha. The Shannon˗Weiner Diversity Index of tree communities showed a value of 3.60 (H'max = 4.43) and Evenness Index of 0.81 which indicates high uniformity of tree species. The Margalef Richness Index (R') revealed that the tree species richness was 13.02. Myrtaceae had the highest Importance Value of 20.4%. The Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) showed that Diospyros buxifolia (Ebenaceae) and Pouteria malaccensis (Sapotaceae) were strongly correlated to low pH. Dysoxylum cauliflorum (Meliaceae) and Eriobotrya bengalensis (Rosaceae) were correlated to phosphorus (P) and calcium ion (Ca2+), respectively. Therefore, the trees species composition at Pulau Jerejak showed that the biodiversity is high and conservation action should be implemented to protect endangered tree species. Keywords: Floristic variation; Tree communities; Trees composition; Pulau Jerejak; Species diversity

scholarly journals On a Variational Definition for the Jensen-Shannon Symmetrization of Distances Based on the Information Radius

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 464
Author(s):  
Frank Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Diversity Index ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Shannon Diversity Index ◽  
Probability Measures ◽  
Variational Optimization ◽  
Shannon Diversity ◽  
Concept Of Information ◽  
Jensen Shannon Divergence

We generalize the Jensen-Shannon divergence and the Jensen-Shannon diversity index by considering a variational definition with respect to a generic mean, thereby extending the notion of Sibson’s information radius. The variational definition applies to any arbitrary distance and yields a new way to define a Jensen-Shannon symmetrization of distances. When the variational optimization is further constrained to belong to prescribed families of probability measures, we get relative Jensen-Shannon divergences and their equivalent Jensen-Shannon symmetrizations of distances that generalize the concept of information projections. Finally, we touch upon applications of these variational Jensen-Shannon divergences and diversity indices to clustering and quantization tasks of probability measures, including statistical mixtures.

scholarly journals Modeling Soil Erosion and Landscape Metric Analysis of River Catchments in Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumayyah Aimi Mohd Najib
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Shannon Diversity Index ◽  
Universal Soil Loss Equation ◽  
Data Sampling ◽  
Shannon Diversity ◽  
Soil Loss Equation

To determine the soil erosion in ungauged catchments, the author used 2 methods: Universal Soil Loss Equation model and sampling data. Sampling data were used to verify and validate data from model. Changing land use due to human activities will affect soil erosion. Land use has changed significantly during the last century in Pulau Pinang. The main rapid changes are related to agriculture, settlement, and urbanization. Because soil erosion depends on surface runoff, which is regulated by the structure of land use and brought about through changes in slope length, land-use changes are one of many factors influencing land degradation caused by erosion. The Universal Soil Loss Equation was used to estimate past soil erosion based on land uses from 1974 to 2012. Results indicated a significant increase in three land-use categories: forestry, built-up areas, and agriculture. Another method to evaluate land use changes in this study was by using landscape metrics analysis. The mean patch size of built-up area and forest increased, while agriculture land use decreased from 48.82 patches in 1974 to 22.46 patches in 2012. Soil erosion increased from an estimated 110.18 ton/km2/year in 1974 to an estimated 122.44 ton/km2/year in 2012. Soil erosion is highly related (R2 = 0.97) to the Shannon Diversity Index, which describes the diversity in land-use composition in river basins. The Shannon Diversity Index also increased between 1974 and 2012. The findings from this study can be used for future reference and for ungauged catchment research studies.

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