scholarly journals The costs of keeping schools open during the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Haw ◽  
Giovanni Forchini ◽  
Paula Christen ◽  
Sumali Bajaj ◽  
Alexandra Hogan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Model ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Retail Trade ◽  
Economic Gain ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Hospital Capacity ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Economic Production ◽  
Personal Services

Abstract There is a trade-off between restrictions on the education sector and other economic sectors in the control of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Here we integrate a dynamic model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission with a 63-sector economic model reflecting sectoral heterogeneity in transmission and economic interdependence between sectors. We identify control strategies which optimize economic production while keeping schools and universities operational, and constraining infections such that emergency hospital capacity is not exceeded. We estimate an economic gain of between £163bn (24%) and £205bn (31%) for the United Kingdom compared to a blanket lockdown of non-essential activities over six months, depending on hospital capacity. Sectors identified as priorities for closures are contact-intensive, produce few crucial inputs for other sectors and/or are less economically productive. Partial closures over some months are required for retail trade, hospitality, accommodation, creative activities, arts, entertainment, and personal services including hairdressing and beauty treatments under most scenarios.

Risks of post-emergence weed control strategies in sugar beet: development and application of a bio-economic model

1999 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J de Buck ◽  
H.B Schoorlemmer ◽  
G.A.A Wossink ◽  
S.R.M Janssens
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Economic Model ◽  
Control Strategies

scholarly journals Career concerns versus shared values: An empirical investigation

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom McKenzie ◽  
Alasdair C Rutherford
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Career Paths ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Shared Values ◽  
Career Concerns ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Employee Recruitment ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Matched Data ◽  
The Relationship

We study the relationship between career concerns and shared values empirically using employee–employer matched data for the United Kingdom and overtime hours as a proxy for hard work. In line with standard career-concerns theory, we find that employees work less overtime the longer they have been with their current employer. We also find that employees who agree strongly with the statement ‘I share many of the values of my organisation’ do roughly 20% more overtime than the rest. Our results suggest the existence of a trade-off between career concerns and shared values. We begin to consider some potential implications of this for employee recruitment as well as for the design of career paths across the private, public and voluntary sectors.

scholarly journals Agricultural and food wholesale and retail trade in the intra-community trade

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 419-430
Author(s):  
M. Záboj
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Retail Trade ◽  
Bakery Products ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Wealth Creation ◽  
Food Retailing ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Wholesale Trade ◽  
Contemporary Situation ◽  
The Eu

The paper focuses on the evaluation of the contemporary situation of two economic sectors in the frame of the European Union, namely the wholesale and retail of agricultural and food products. For these industries, the structural profile with the indicators of turnover, value added and employment was elaborated. Hereafter the costs, productivity and profitability indicators ranking of the top 5 Member States were compared to the EU-25 averages. After a 3.1% increase in the turnover index in 2000, the evolution of sales for the agricultural wholesaling sector recorded a series of small increases and decreases in the turnover, ranging from – 0.6% in 2002 to 1.5% in 2004. Between 2000 and 2005, the agricultural wholesaling sector generally recorded a slower rate of expansion for turnover than the wholesale trade average. The specialised in-store food retailing sector generated EUR 120.4 billion of turnover in 2003. The wealth creation of the specialised in-store food retailing was valued at EUR 23.8 billion; equivalent to 6.5% of the retail trade and repair total, while this activity employed 1.4 million persons, some 9.0% of the retail trade and repair workforce. Half (49.9%) of the turnover in the specialised in-store food retailing sector in the EU was generated by enterprises selling fruit, vegetables, meat, fish or bakery products.

A comparison of EQ-5D time trade-off values obtained in Germany, The United Kingdom and Spain

2003 ◽  
pp. 143-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Busschbach ◽  
Tom Weijnen ◽  
Martin Nieuwenhuizen ◽  
Siem Oppe ◽  
Xavier Badia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
The United Kingdom

scholarly journals Avoidable costs of stenting for aortic coarctation in the United Kingdom: an economic model

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximilian Salcher ◽  
◽  
Alistair Mcguire ◽  
Vivek Muthurangu ◽  
Marcus Kelm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Economic Model ◽  
Aortic Coarctation ◽  
The United Kingdom

scholarly journals Balancing ecosystem services with energy and food security – Assessing trade-offs from reservoir operation and irrigation investments in Kenya's Tana Basin

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 3259-3277 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Hurford ◽  
J. J. Harou
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Optimal Allocation ◽  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Pareto Optimal ◽  
Management Problem ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs

Abstract. Competition for water between key economic sectors and the environment means agreeing allocations is challenging. Managing releases from the three major dams in Kenya's Tana River basin with its 4.4 million inhabitants, 567 MW of installed hydropower capacity, 33 000 ha of irrigation and ecologically important wetlands and forests is a pertinent example. This research seeks firstly to identify and help decision-makers visualise reservoir management strategies which result in the best possible (Pareto-optimal) allocation of benefits between sectors. Secondly, it seeks to show how trade-offs between achievable benefits shift with the implementation of proposed new rice, cotton and biofuel irrigation projects. To approximate the Pareto-optimal trade-offs we link a water resources management simulation model to a multi-criteria search algorithm. The decisions or "levers" of the management problem are volume-dependent release rules for the three major dams and extent of investment in new irrigation schemes. These decisions are optimised for eight objectives covering the provision of water supply and irrigation, energy generation and maintenance of ecosystem services. Trade-off plots allow decision-makers to assess multi-reservoir rule-sets and irrigation investment options by visualising their impacts on different beneficiaries. Results quantify how economic gains from proposed irrigation schemes trade-off against the disturbance of ecosystems and local livelihoods that depend on them. Full implementation of the proposed schemes is shown to come at a high environmental and social cost. The clarity and comprehensiveness of "best-case" trade-off analysis is a useful vantage point from which to tackle the interdependence and complexity of "water-energy-food nexus" resource security issues.

Future of China-UK engagement lies in Beijing’s hands

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
Educational Partnerships ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
China Policy ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Large Numbers

Significance Prime Minister Boris Johnson talks of a “calibrated” China policy that combines toughness in particular areas with continued engagement in others. Impacts Migration of Hongkongers to the United Kingdom in large numbers would invigorate anti-Beijing activism. Chinese investments in UK nuclear power are unlikely to proceed as planned. Beijing’s extraterritorial attempts to suppress dissent in the United Kingdom will intensify. Universities and researchers should expect a push for government-mandated reviews of UK-China research and educational partnerships. Beijing may target particular firms or economic sectors to ‘punish’ London, but most bilateral trade will continue.

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