Agricultural and food wholesale and retail trade in the intra-community trade

The paper focuses on the evaluation of the contemporary situation of two economic sectors in the frame of the European Union, namely the wholesale and retail of agricultural and food products. For these industries, the structural profile with the indicators of turnover, value added and employment was elaborated. Hereafter the costs, productivity and profitability indicators ranking of the top 5 Member States were compared to the EU-25 averages. After a 3.1% increase in the turnover index in 2000, the evolution of sales for the agricultural wholesaling sector recorded a series of small increases and decreases in the turnover, ranging from – 0.6% in 2002 to 1.5% in 2004. Between 2000 and 2005, the agricultural wholesaling sector generally recorded a slower rate of expansion for turnover than the wholesale trade average. The specialised in-store food retailing sector generated EUR 120.4 billion of turnover in 2003. The wealth creation of the specialised in-store food retailing was valued at EUR 23.8 billion; equivalent to 6.5% of the retail trade and repair total, while this activity employed 1.4 million persons, some 9.0% of the retail trade and repair workforce. Half (49.9%) of the turnover in the specialised in-store food retailing sector in the EU was generated by enterprises selling fruit, vegetables, meat, fish or bakery products.

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An Assessment of Carousel Value-Added Tax Fraud in The European Carbon Market

Review of Law & Economics ◽

10.1515/rle-2014-0023 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Maria Berrittella ◽

Filippo Alessandro Cimino

Keyword(s):

Computable General Equilibrium ◽

Emission Trading ◽

Value Added ◽

Carbon Market ◽

Eu Ets ◽

The European Union ◽

Value Added Tax ◽

Member States ◽

Eu Member States ◽

The Eu

AbstractThe literature on the European Union Emission Trading System (EU ETS) is by now very rich. Much is known about the efficiency, the effectiveness, and the environmental and distributional impacts of the EU ETS. Less, however, is known about the carousel value-added-tax (VAT) fraud phenomena in the European carbon market. This article evaluates the welfare effects of carousel VAT fraud in the EU ETS using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) analysis. According to our findings, if VAT fraud occurs in the EU ETS, the effects on welfare for the EU Member States are negative, with welfare loss significantly higher than the VAT fraud value. This article also discusses the reverse charge mechanism that EU Member States could adopt to reduce the VAT fraud phenomena in the European carbon market.

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THE INFLUENCE OF THE INTEGRATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION ON THE ROMANIAN FISCAL LEGISLATION

STUDIES AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHES ECONOMICS EDITION ◽

10.29358/sceco.v0i13.18 ◽

2008 ◽

pp. 56

Author(s):

Mircea Muntean ◽

Doina Pacurari

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Fiscal Policy ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Value Added ◽

The European Union ◽

European Directives ◽

Eu Directives ◽

Dividend Tax ◽

Excise Duties ◽

The Eu

Fiscal policy constitutes – within the state's economic policy – a system by means of which the taxes and duties owed to the country's consolidated budget are established and collected. Taking into account the role fiscal policy has been playing since Romania's admission in the European Union, one of the goals ceaselessly looked for is its adapting to the international community's acquis through the implementation of the European directives in our context. The EU directives make reference to direct taxes: dividend tax, interest income tax, assets transfer, shares exchange, income taxation for the non-residents, and so on, along with the indirect taxes: value-added tax, excise duties, etc. The paper approaches the main provisions within the contents of the European directives as well as the means of their implementation in the Romanian fiscal legislation regarding various types of taxes. The implementation of the European directives has been simultaneous with the establishing of measures concerning fiscal fraud prevention, frauds liable to have a negative impact on the state's consolidated budget.

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The potentials for Political and Economic Development of Kosovo

ILIRIA International Review ◽

10.21113/iir.v3i2.132 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 319

Author(s):

MSc. Ngadhnjim Brovina ◽

MSc. Adnan Hoxha

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Natural Resources ◽

The European Union ◽

Economic Sectors ◽

Public Companies ◽

Association Agreement ◽

The Public ◽

Political Status ◽

Political Economic ◽

The Eu

It is rather clear that it is mandatory to understand the potentials of growth for any economy to grow. With globalization taking place, countries in general, have intensified their political, economic and social integration. Kosovo, as the youngest state in Europe, is about to transform from a devastated economy into a developing one. It has not yet been able to tap on its natural resources and neither of its potentials for a faster economic growth. Its backbone economic sectors such as agriculture, textile, mining and metal sectors are still on their initial stages of revitalization, while the privatization of the public companies has not met its expectations.Whereas, Kosovo is doing a better job on, as its international presence and subjectivity of its political status (Independence) is strengthened. More and more countries are recognizing it as a sovereign country, while the recent initiation of the Stabilization and Association Agreement with the European Union, Kosovo is undergoing through its structural reforms and alliance with the EU standards and regulations.The future of Kosovo, like of any country, will depend on the way that its human, financial and natural resources are utilized. On this regard, this paper is an attempt to explore the potentials of the economic growth on different political contexts that Kosovo has and is expected to undergo.

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Parlamentarische Kontrolle durch Vernetzung? Eine kritische Analyse der Rolle der Interparlamentarischen Konferenz für die GASP/GSVP

IG ◽

10.5771/0720-5120-2019-2-118 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 118-133

Author(s):

Daniel Schade

Keyword(s):

Policy Making ◽

Security Policy ◽

Value Added ◽

The European Union ◽

National Parliaments ◽

Defence Policy ◽

Foreign And Security Policy ◽

The Common ◽

Set Up ◽

The Eu

The Interparliamentary Conference for the Common Foreign and Security Policy and the Common Security and Defence Policy (IPC) is a new parliamentary body set up after the Treaty of Lisbon which allows to create interlinkages between parliaments in the European Union (EU). It is part of an ongoing process which aims to challenge the executive dominance in EU policy-making in general and in the EU’s foreign and security policy in particular. Considering its sessions and the experiences of members of parliaments partaking in the Interparliamentary Conference to date, this article analyses its value-added to this overarching goal. The experiences so far suggest that the IPC faces significant practical challenges in contributing to the parliamentary scrutiny of the policy areas concerned despite the fact that the format of interparliamentary gatherings is a significant innovation in its own right. These challenges arise primarily out of a conflict between the European Parliament and national parliaments in the EU, the diversity of national parliamentarism, as well as the differing moti⁠va⁠tions and skills of the participating members of parliaments.

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ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH CYCLES’ SYMMETRY IN THE MAIN ECONOMIC SECTORS OF EURO AREA COUNTRIES

Ekonomika ◽

10.15388/ekon.2012.0.243 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 91 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Brigita Šidlauskaitė ◽

Norbertas Balčiūnas

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Monetary Policy ◽

Euro Area ◽

Value Added ◽

Growth Cycle ◽

The European Union ◽

Economic Sectors ◽

Growth Cycles ◽

The Common ◽

Optimum Currency

Abstract. With the European Union integration growing deeper and Euro area countries having the common currency, excluding possibility of a national monetary policy, academic society has raised a debate on economic stabilization opportunities in individual Euro area countries in case the common monetary policy would prove to be adverse. According to the optimum currency area theory, one of the necessary conditions for the successful functioning of the monetary union is the homogeneity of its countries. The possible economic shocks could have a different impact on the economy of individual Euro area countries in the presence of significant differences in their economy structure. Applying the Hodrick–Prescott method, this study identifies and analyses economic growth cycles in the main economic sectors of the Euro area countries. The results suggest that not all economic growth cycles of the Euro area countries sufficiently correlate with the Euro area average, and one of the predetermining factors is the differences in the economic structure.Key words: asymmetry of economic growth cycle, Euro area, value added structure

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Reconsidering the Normative Power of European Human Security Agenda

Politikon IAPSS Journal of Political Science ◽

10.22151/politikon.15.2.1 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 9-23

Author(s):

Yulyia Zabyelina

Keyword(s):

Human Security ◽

Value Added ◽

The European Union ◽

European Security ◽

Soft Or ◽

Security Strategy ◽

Normative Power ◽

Critical Approaches ◽

European Security Strategy ◽

The Eu

Previously operationalized under the “soft” or “civilian”, “normative” has become one of the most commonly used titles of the European Union actorness in the world. Optimistic arguments have celebrated the uniqueness of the EU normative power, while critical approaches, on the contrary, questioned the effectiveness and consistency of such an agenda. In the context of the changing global security landscape, this paper seeks to explore the EU-led value-added discourse on human security and its significance. First, it analyzes the concept of human security within the abundance of diverse interpretations. Second, it examines how and why human security agenda was incorporated into the European Security Strategy (ESS). Finally, it explores whether human security agenda plays an important role in the formation of the ESS or it is merely a good-sounding label for political rhetoric.

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Macroeconomic stability and the level of competitiveness in EU member states: a comparative dynamic approach

Oeconomia Copernicana ◽

10.24136/oc.2020.027 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 657-688

Author(s):

Elżbieta Roszko-Wójtowicz ◽

Maria M. Grzelak

Keyword(s):

Positive Impact ◽

Value Added ◽

Linear Ordering ◽

The European Union ◽

Member States ◽

Eu Member States ◽

Competitiveness Index ◽

Polish Economy ◽

The Eu ◽

Diagnostic Variables

Research background: The choice of the issue of international competitive-ness of economies as the research problem addressed in this paper has been mainly dictated by the changes observed in the nature of the development of EU economies and the need to assess the competitiveness of the Polish economy. It is time to evaluate and learn from the largest enlargement in the history of the EU which took place in May 2004. An assessment of changes in the state of EU economies, including the Polish economy, is in the centre of research interest of many scientists. National competitiveness is the subject of a great deal of research and economic studies. Integration and globalisation processes in the world economy are the main reasons for the popularity of this topic. The efficient use of sources and factors determining the competitiveness of economies, sectors and enterprises is associated with prosperity over the long term. One of the methods based on the observation of selected basic indicators of economic competitiveness is the method of analysis called the macroeconomic stabilisation pentagon. The method illustrates the extent to which the government achieves five macroeconomic objectives. It is very difficult, if not impossible, to meet all these objectives at the same time. The difficulty of meeting all these goals concurrently is due to the fact that they are more or less competitive rather than complementary. The proposed assessment of competitiveness based on the developed model of macroeconomic stabilisation pentagon is a unique approach in terms of discussion of country?s competitiveness. This approach significantly distinguishes the current study in comparison with standard international reports on competitiveness such as the Global Competitiveness Index or the EU Regional Competitiveness Index. Purpose of the article: The main aim of the paper is to assess the competitiveness of EU economies in the years 2005?2018, based on a selected set of diagnostic variables referring to the concept of macroeconomic stabilisation pentagon. The paper also formulates a detailed list of four research hypotheses. Methods: In order to characterise the competitiveness of the European Union economies, including the EU?15 and EU?13 groups, as well as the Visegrad group, six diagnostic variables affecting the economic situation of individual EU countries were analysed. The variables for analysis were chosen so as to reliably describe the competitive position of a given country, at the same time referring in a substantive sense to the concept of macroeconomic stabilisation pentagon. The linear ordering of objects was made using the reference Hellwig method. The selected method enabled the development of competitiveness rankings of EU Member States in the years 2005, 2009, and 2018. Findings & Value added: The comparative analysis of the main macroeconomic indicators conducted in the paper forms the basis for assessing the cur-rent state of the EU economy in relation to other countries. In the paper, the authors depart from the standard elaboration of ?magic pentagon.? Instead, they apply the variables used in the macroeconomic stabilisation pentagon analysis to develop competitiveness rankings of EU Member States. The con-ducted empirical study has confirmed that the 15th anniversary of EU member-ship had a decidedly positive impact on the level of economic development of the EU?13 countries.

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The Use of Artificial Neural Networks to Analyze Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollutant Emissions from the Mining and Quarrying Sector in the European Union

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13081925 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 1925 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jarosław Brodny ◽

Magdalena Tutak

Keyword(s):

Neural Networks ◽

European Union ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Value Added ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Mining Activities ◽

The European Union ◽

Eu Countries ◽

The Eu

The European Union (EU) is considered one of the most economically developed regions worldwide. It was driven by the mining industry for several decades. Despite certain changes in this area, a number of mineral and energy resources are still being mined in the EU. Nevertheless, mining activities are accompanied by many unfavorable phenomena, especially for the environment, such as greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions. The great diversity of the EU countries in terms of the size of the “mining and quarrying” sector means that both the volume and structure of these emissions in individual countries varies. In order to assess the current state of affairs, research was conducted to look at the structure and volume of these emissions in individual EU countries. The aim of the study was to divide these countries into homogenous groups by structure and volume of studied emissions. In order to reflect both the specificity and diversity of the EU countries, this division was based on the seven most important gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, NH3, NMVOC, CO, NOx) and two types of particulate matter (PM 2.5, PM 10) emitted into the atmosphere from the sector in question. The volume of studied emissions was also compared to the number of inhabitants of each EU country and the gross value added (GVA) by the mining and quarrying sector. This approach enabled a new and broader view on the issue of gas and air pollutant emissions associated with mining activities. The artificial Kohonen’s neural networks were used for the analysis. The developed method, the analyses and the results constitute a new approach to studying such emissions in the EU. Research that looks only at the emission of harmful substances into the environment in relation to their absolute values fail to fully reflect the complexity of this problem in individual EU countries. The presented approach and the results should broaden the knowledge in the field of harmful substance emissions from the mining and quarrying sector, which should be utilized in the process of implementing the new European climate strategy referred to as “The European Green Deal”.

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EU-Membership and the Border Trade in Alcohol in Southern Sweden

Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs ◽

10.1177/145507259801500202 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 61-74

Author(s):

Björn Trolldal

Keyword(s):

Retail Trade ◽

Alcoholic Beverages ◽

The European Union ◽

Southern Sweden ◽

Cross Border ◽

Eu Membership ◽

Border Trade ◽

Total Sales ◽

Import Quotas ◽

The Eu

When Sweden joined the European Union on January 1, 1995, the personal import quotas for wine and strong beer were raised. This meant increased possibilities for Swedish consumers to buy alcohol at a lower price, mainly in Denmark and on the Continent. In this article the effects of the higher quotas on retail trade in the southern part of Sweden have been studied. These effects are considered to reflect the minimum increase in cross-border shopping for alcohol in the southern part of the country after the EU-membership. The decrease in retail sales, affected by the increased cross-border shopping, between 1994 and 1996 was equivalent to 2.7% of the total sales of alcohol officially registered in Sweden. Between 1995 and 1996, cross-border shopping seems to have increased to the same extent as it did between 1994 and 1995. The increase in cross-border shopping mainly affected the sale of strong beer, followed by sales of ordinary-strength beer, wine and spirits, in this order. Even citizens living 300–400 kilometres from the southernmost tip of Sweden seem to have increased their purchase of alcohol in Denmark and on the Continent. This article also gives estimates of the consumers' reaction to price changes in alcoholic beverages sold by the state-owned monopoly stores during 1986–1995, both in Sweden as a whole and in the southern regions. It appears that consumers will buy more wine and strong beer if the prices are reduced. Considering the fact that the higher import quotas at least to some extent can be viewed as a price reduction in the southern part of the country, it is very likely that cross-border consumers will buy more alcohol abroad than they will if they stay in Sweden. Against this background it is safe to assume that since Sweden joined the EU, cross-border shopping has increased by more than an amount equivalent to 2.7% of the total, officially registered alcohol sales in Sweden.

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The Future of EMAS – 10 years European Environmental Management and Audit Scheme

elni Review ◽

10.46850/elni.2005.002 ◽

2005 ◽

pp. 12-15

Author(s):

Thomas Kiel

Keyword(s):

Environmental Management ◽

Financial Services ◽

Policy Instruments ◽

Iso 14001 ◽

European Economic Area ◽

The European Union ◽

Economic Sectors ◽

Industrial Sectors ◽

The Future ◽

The Eu

The Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) is the European Union (EU) voluntary scheme for organisations willing to commit themselves to evaluate, improve and report on their environmental performances. The scheme was launched in April 1995 and was originally restricted to companies of industrial sectors. EMAS II revision has opened the instrument since 2001 to all economic sectors including public and private services. In addition, EMAS was strengthened by the integration of parts of EN ISO 14001 standard as environmental management system requirement; by adopting an attractive logo to signal EMAS registration to the public; and by considering more strongly indirect environmental aspects such as those related to external traffic, financial services or administrative and planning decisions. Participating in EMAS is voluntary and extends to public or private organisations operating in the EU and the European Economic Area (EEA) – Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. In all new member states the EMAS Regulation came into force with the association to the EU in May 2004. On 15 November 2004 a revised version of ISO environmental management standard 14001 was published. The author takes this for opportunity to think about the future developments of EMAS. After ten years practice of a new and proactive instrument in voluntary environmental management a turning point is reached. The commission has to decide whether to give EMAS a permanent place within the canon of environmental policy instruments and to strengthen its use by different means or to restrain from EU management requirements and leave further decisions on development of environmental management tools to the private market.

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