scholarly journals High Anemia Prevalence in Korean Older Adults, an Urgent Healthcare Problem: 2007-2016 KNHANES

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hee won Chueh ◽  
Hye Lim Jung ◽  
Ye Jee Shim ◽  
Hyoung Soo Choi ◽  
Jin Yeong Han
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Older People ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Potential Risk Factors

Abstract BACKGROUND: Anemia is associated with high morbidity and mortality in older people. However, anemia in older individuals is not fully understood, and national data on the prevalence and characteristics of anemia in Korean older people are lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of anemia in older adults using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) , which is the nation-wide cross-sectional epidemiological study conducted by Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare.Methods: Data from the total of 62,825 participants of the 2007-2016 KNHANES were merged and analyzed to investigate differences in participant characteristics and potential risk factors for anemia.RESULTS: The prevalence of anemia was higher in the population aged ≥65 years (older adults) than in the younger population. Anemia was also more prevalent among females than among males, but the difference was not statistically significant in people aged >85 years. Being underweight, receiving a social allowance, living alone, and having comorbidities such as hypertension, arthritis, diabetes mellitus (DM), cardiovascular disease (CVD), stroke, cancer, and chronic renal failure (CRF) were more prevalent in older adults with anemia than in the group without anemia. In the univariate and multivariate analyses, older age, female sex, underweight, and comorbidities including arthritis, DM, CVD, stroke, cancer, and CRF were associated with an increased risk of anemia. Furthermore, the prevalence data were significantly higher in this study than in previous studies.CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that age, female sex, underweight, and the presence of comorbidities such as arthritis, DM, CVD, stroke, cancer, and CRF were associated with an increased risk of anemia in Korean older adults. Our findings may be useful in developing interventions and programs aimed at healthy aging. Further study on causal relationships between anemia and other variables in the older population is necessary.Trial registration: KNHANES was approved by the KCDC Research Ethics Review Committee annually since 2007(2007-02CON-04-P, 2008-05EXP-01-C, 2009-01CON-03-2C, 2010-02CON-21-C, 2011-02CON-06-C, 2012-01EXP-01-2C, 2013-07CON-03-4C, 2013-12EXP-03-5C, 2015-01-02-6C). Ethical approval of this study was obtained through the Institutional Review Board of Dong-A University Hospital (DAUHIRB-EXP-20-035).

scholarly journals High Anemia Prevalence in Korean Older Adults, an Urgent Healthcare Problem: 2007-2016 KNHANES

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hee won Chueh ◽  
Hye Lim Jung ◽  
Ye Jee Shim ◽  
Hyoung Soo Choi ◽  
Jin Yeong Han
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Older People ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
The Difference

Abstract BACKGROUND: Anemia is associated with high morbidity and mortality in older people. However, anemia in older individuals is not fully understood, and national data on the prevalence and characteristics of anemia in Korean older people are lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of anemia in older adults using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) , which is the nation-wide cross-sectional epidemiological study conducted by Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare. METHODS: Data from the total of 62,825 participants of the 2007-2016 KNHANES were merged and analyzed to investigate differences in participant characteristics and potential risk factors for anemia. RESULTS: The prevalence of anemia was higher in the population aged ≥65 years (older adults) than in the younger population. Anemia was also more prevalent among females than among males, but the difference was not statistically significant in people aged >85 years. Being underweight, receiving a social allowance, living alone, and having comorbidities such as hypertension, arthritis, diabetes mellitus (DM), cardiovascular disease (CVD), stroke, cancer, and chronic renal failure (CRF) were more prevalent in older adults with anemia than in the group without anemia. In the univariate and multivariate analyses, older age, female sex, underweight, and comorbidities including arthritis, DM, CVD, stroke, cancer, and CRF were associated with an increased risk of anemia. Furthermore, the prevalence data were significantly higher in this study than in previous studies. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that age, female sex, underweight, and the presence of comorbidities such as arthritis, DM, CVD, stroke, cancer, and CRF were associated with an increased risk of anemia in Korean older adults. Our findings may be useful in developing interventions and programs aimed at healthy aging. Further study on causal relationships between anemia and other variables in the older population is necessary.

scholarly journals High Anemia Prevalence in Korean Older Adults, an Advent Healthcare Problem: 2007-2016 KNHANES

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hee won Chueh ◽  
Hye Lim Jung ◽  
Ye Jee Shim ◽  
Hyoung Soo Choi ◽  
Jin Yeong Han
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Korean Adults ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract BACKGROUND: Anemia is associated with high morbidity and mortality in older people. However, the prevalence and characteristics of anemia in older individuals are not fully understood, and national data on these aspects in older Korean adults are lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of anemia in older adults using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), which is a nationwide cross-sectional epidemiological study conducted by the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare.METHODS: Data from a total of 62,825 participants of the 2007-2016 KNHANES were compiled and analyzed to investigate differences in participant characteristics and potential risk factors for anemia. Differences in clinical characteristics of participants were compared across subgroups using the chi-square test for categorical variables and independent t-test for continuous variables. Univariate and multivariate analyses using logistic regression were performed to identify related clinical factors.RESULTS: The prevalence of anemia was higher in the population aged ≥ 65 years than in the younger population. Anemia was also more prevalent among females than among males, but this difference was not significant in people aged >85 years. Being underweight, receiving a social allowance, living alone, and having comorbidities such as hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus (DM), cancer, and chronic renal failure (CRF) were more common among older adults with anemia than among the population without anemia. In univariate and multivariate analyses, older age, female sex, underweight, and presence of comorbidities including rheumatoid arthritis, DM, cancer, and CRF were associated with an increased risk of anemia.CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that age, female sex, underweight, and the presence of comorbidities such as rheumatoid arthritis, DM, cancer, and CRF were associated with an increased risk of anemia in older Korean adults. Further study on causal relationships between anemia and other variables in the older population is necessary.Trial registration: KNHANES has been approved by the KCDC Research Ethics Review Committee, annually since 2007 (2007-02CON-04-P, 2008-05EXP-01-C, 2009-01CON-03-2C, 2010-02CON-21-C, 2011-02CON-06-C, 2012-01EXP-01-2C, 2013-07CON-03-4C, 2013-12EXP-03-5C, 2015-01-02-6C). Ethical approval of this study was obtained through the Institutional Review Board of Dong-A University Hospital (DAUHIRB-EXP-20-035).

scholarly journals High Anemia Prevalence in Korean Older Adults, an Advent Healthcare Problem: 2007-2016 KNHANES

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hee won Chueh ◽  
Hye Lim Jung ◽  
Ye Jee Shim ◽  
Hyoung Soo Choi ◽  
Jin Yeong Han
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Older People ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Participant Characteristics

Abstract BACKGROUND: Anemia is associated with high morbidity and mortality in older people. However, anemia in older individuals is not fully understood, and national data on the prevalence and characteristics of anemia in Korean older people are lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of anemia in older adults using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), which is the nation-wide cross-sectional epidemiological study conducted by Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare.Methods: Data from the total of 62,825 participants of the 2007-2016 KNHANES were merged and analyzed to investigate differences in participant characteristics and potential risk factors for anemia. Differences in participant characteristics were compared across subgroups using the chi-squared test for categorical variables and independent t-test for continuous variables. Univariate and multivariate analyses using logistic regression were performed to identify related clinical factors.RESULTS: The prevalence of anemia was higher in the population aged ≥65 years than in the younger population. Anemia was also more prevalent among females than among males, but the difference was not statistically significant in people aged >85 years. Being underweight, receiving a social allowance, living alone, and having comorbidities such as hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus (DM), cancer, and chronic renal failure (CRF) were more prevalent in older adults with anemia than in the group without anemia. In the univariate and multivariate analyses, older age, female sex, underweight, and comorbidities including rheumatoid arthritis, DM, cancer, and CRF were associated with an increased risk of anemia. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that age, female sex, underweight, and the presence of comorbidities such as rheumatoid arthritis, DM, cancer, and CRF were associated with an increased risk of anemia in Korean older adults. Further study on causal relationships between anemia and other variables in the older population is necessary.

scholarly journals High Anemia Prevalence in Korean Older Adults, an Advent Healthcare Problem: 2007-2016 KNHANES

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hee won Chueh ◽  
Hye Lim Jung ◽  
Ye Jee Shim ◽  
Hyoung Soo Choi ◽  
Jin Yeong Han
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Continuous Variables ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Korean Adults ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract BACKGROUND: Anemia is associated with high morbidity and mortality in older people. However, the prevalence and characteristics of anemia in older individuals are not fully understood, and national data on these aspects in older Korean adults are lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of anemia in older adults using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), which is a nationwide cross-sectional epidemiological study conducted by the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare.METHODS: Data from a total of 62,825 participants of the 2007-2016 KNHANES were compiled and analyzed to investigate differences in participant characteristics and potential risk factors for anemia. Differences in clinical characteristics of participants were compared across subgroups using the chi-square test for categorical variables and independent t-test for continuous variables. Univariate and multivariate analyses using logistic regression were performed to identify related clinical factors.RESULTS: The prevalence of anemia was higher in the population aged ≥ 65 years than in the younger population. Anemia was also more prevalent among females than among males, but this difference was not significant in people aged >85 years. Being underweight, receiving a social allowance, living alone, and having comorbidities such as hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus (DM), cancer, and chronic renal failure (CRF) were more common among older adults with anemia than among the population without anemia. In univariate and multivariate analyses, older age, female sex, underweight, and presence of comorbidities including rheumatoid arthritis, DM, cancer, and CRF were associated with an increased risk of anemia. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that age, female sex, underweight, and the presence of comorbidities such as rheumatoid arthritis, DM, cancer, and CRF were associated with an increased risk of anemia in older Korean adults. Further study on causal relationships between anemia and other variables in the older population is necessary.

scholarly journals High anemia prevalence in Korean older adults, an advent healthcare problem: 2007–2016 KNHANES

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hee Won Chueh ◽  
◽  
Hye Lim Jung ◽  
Ye Jee Shim ◽  
Hyoung Soo Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Continuous Variables ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Korean Adults ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Background Anemia is associated with high morbidity and mortality in older people. However, the prevalence and characteristics of anemia in older individuals are not fully understood, and national data on these aspects in older Korean adults are lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of anemia in older adults using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), which is a nationwide cross-sectional epidemiological study conducted by the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare. Methods Data from a total of 62,825 participants of the 2007–2016 KNHANES were compiled and analyzed to investigate differences in participant characteristics and potential risk factors for anemia. Differences in clinical characteristics of participants were compared across subgroups using the chi-square test for categorical variables and independent t-test for continuous variables. Univariate and multivariate analyses using logistic regression were performed to identify related clinical factors. Results The prevalence of anemia was higher in the population aged ≥65 years than in the younger population. Anemia was also more prevalent among females than among males, but this difference was not significant in people aged > 85 years. Being underweight, receiving a social allowance, living alone, and having comorbidities such as hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus (DM), cancer, and chronic renal failure (CRF) were more common among older adults with anemia than among the population without anemia. In univariate and multivariate analyses, older age, female sex, underweight, and presence of comorbidities including rheumatoid arthritis, DM, cancer, and CRF were associated with an increased risk of anemia. Conclusions This study revealed that age, female sex, underweight, and the presence of comorbidities such as rheumatoid arthritis, DM, cancer, and CRF were associated with an increased risk of anemia in older Korean adults. Further study on causal relationships between anemia and other variables in the older population is necessary.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Determinants of Undernutrition in A Sample of Dutch Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Results from Two Online Screening Tools

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 1562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jos W. Borkent ◽  
Elke Naumann ◽  
Emmelyne Vasse ◽  
Ellen van der Heijden ◽  
Marian A. E. de van der Schueren
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
General Information ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Screening Tools ◽  
Nutritional Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Screen Ii

To stimulate undernutrition screening among Dutch community-dwelling adults, a website was developed with general information on healthy eating for healthy aging and self-tests. Based on cross-sectional data obtained from the self-tests, we studied nutritional risk factors (early determinants) as well as risk of undernutrition (late symptoms). SCREEN II (n = 2470) was used to asses nutritional risk factors. This tool consists of 16 items regarding nutritional intake, perception of body weight, appetite, oral health and meal preparation. An adjusted SNAQ65+ (n = 687) was used to assess risk of undernutrition. This four-item tool contains questions on weight loss, appetite, walking stairs and body mass index. Differences between age-groups (65–74, 75–84, ≥85) were tested by logistic regression. Overall prevalence of nutritional risk factors was 84.1%, and increased risk of undernutrition was 56.8%. Participants aged ≥85 scored worst on almost all items of the SCREEN II and the SNAQ65+. In conclusion: A large proportion of older adults reported early determinants for increased nutrition risk, while a smaller, yet remarkable proportion scored positive on undernutrition risk. Internet screening may be a useful, contemporary, and easy, accessible way to reach older adults who are at nutritional risk and may thus contribute to early identification and prevention of undernutrition.

scholarly journals Odor identification as a biomarker of preclinical AD in older adults at risk

Neurology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Elyse Lafaille-Magnan ◽  
Judes Poirier ◽  
Pierre Etienne ◽  
Jennifer Tremblay-Mercier ◽  
Joanne Frenette ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Odor Identification ◽  
University Of Pennsylvania ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Neuropsychological Status ◽  
Preclinical Ad ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
T Tau

Objective:To assess odor identification (OI) as an indicator of presymptomatic Alzheimer disease (AD) pathogenesis in cognitively normal aging individuals at increased risk of AD dementia.Methods:In 274 members of the PREVENT-AD cohort of healthy aging persons with a parental or multiple-sibling history of AD dementia, we assessed the cross-sectional association of OI with potential indicators of presymptomatic AD. Some 101 participants donated CSF, thus enabling assessment of AD pathology with the biomarkers total tau (t-tau), phospho-tau (P181-tau), and their ratios with β-amyloid (Aβ1-42). Adjusted analyses considered age, cognition, APOE ε4 status, education, and sex as covariates. We measured OI using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test and cognitive performance using the Repeatable Battery for Assessment of Neuropsychological Status. Standard kits provided assays of the AD biomarkers. Analyses used robust-fit linear regression models.Results:Reduced OI was associated with lower cognitive score and older age, as well as increased ratios of CSF t-tau and P181-tau to Aβ1-42 (all p < 0.02). However, the observed associations of OI with age and cognition were unapparent in adjusted models that restricted observations to CSF donors and included AD biomarkers. OI showed little association with CSF Aβ1-42 alone except in APOE ε4 carriers having lowest-quartile Aβ1-42 levels.Conclusions:These findings from healthy high-risk older individuals suggest that OI reflects degree of preclinical AD pathology, while its relationships with age and cognition result from the association of these latter variables with such pathology. Diminished OI may be a practical and affordable biomarker of AD pathology.

scholarly journals Perceived Neighborhood Environmental Factors Related to Sarcopenia in Urban-Dwelling Older Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 439-439
Author(s):  
Yuri Seo ◽  
Miji Kim ◽  
Hayoung Shim ◽  
Heeeun Jung ◽  
Seoyoon Jane Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Sarcopenia is common among older individuals and has adverse health outcomes. However, little is known about its association with neighborhood environmental factors. We explored the relationship between sarcopenia and neighborhood environmental factors among community-dwelling older adults aged 70–84 years in urban areas in the Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study. There were 1,776 participants in this cross-sectional study (mean age 75.9±3.8 years, 54.1% women). Sarcopenia was defined using the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia guidelines. The neighborhood environmental factors were assessed using the 17-item Environmental Module of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-E). The prevalence of sarcopenia was 22.5%. In the multivariate analysis adjusted for potential confounders, compared to the 5th quintile of the IPAQ-E score, the odds ratio (OR and 95% confidence interval [CI]) for sarcopenia in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th quintile were 2.14 (1.41-3.26), 1.70 (1.11-2.61), 1.76 (1.16-2.68) and 1.62 (1.07-2.47), respectively. Sarcopenia was associated with environmental factors including access to destinations (β = -0.015) and neighborhood safety (β = -0.008) (all p&lt;0.05). Furthermore, no access to public transportation (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.20-3.50), poor access to recreational facilities (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.02-1.92), no presence of destination (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.07-2.21), hill hazard (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.02-1.77), and lack of safety from traffic (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.02-1.79) was associated with an increased risk of sarcopenia. Our study suggests that neighborhood environmental characteristics are associated with sarcopenia and better neighborhood environmental strategies can help prevent sarcopenia among older adults.

scholarly journals POS1285 FOOT DISORDERS AND FALLS RISK IN OLDER PERSONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 925.1-925
Author(s):  
N. Fani ◽  
E. Toulgui ◽  
D. Khalifa ◽  
S. Mtaoua ◽  
W. Ouanes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Hallux Valgus ◽  
Independent Living ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Foot Deformities ◽  
Timed Up And Go ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Foot Problems ◽  
Walking Performance

Background:Falls are major problems in older people, leading to serious morbidity and mortality. Many studies have identified intrinsic and extrinsic fall risk factors in order to develop preventive strategies and guidelines. There are few reports which studied the impacts of aging feet on falls [1].Objectives:The present study aimed to explore foot musculoskeletal disorders and their relationship to falls in a healthy aging population.Methods:This was a cross-sectional descriptive study involving the patients aged 65 years and over who were independent in self-care and walking followed at the physical medicine and rehabilitation department of the university hospital of sousse over 3 months. The analysed data focused on the epidemiological and clinical characteristics.Trained physicians evaluated health status, foot problems, and fall(s) history of all subjects. Walking performance was assessed using the ‘Timed Get Up & Go’ test and the unipedal stance test was used for the assessment of balance. Footprints were taken from the standing position. Associated factors of foot disorders and falls were analyzed.Results:There were 45 subjects: 18 men, 27 women with a mean age of 69.6 [65-86] years. Foot deformities presented in 87% and were a significantly associated with walking performance or falls (p=0.01, p=0.02). The most common foot musculoskeletal disorder were Halux valgus 31%, followed by Mallet toe 15%. Arch of foot classified by physical examination revealed that pes planus was presented in 35% of cases. There was a significant correlation between BMI and an arch index (p=0.04). Foot problems remained significantly associated with impaired timed up and go test and the unipedal stance test. The causes of pain were plantar fasciitis, hallux valgus, callus, metatarsalgia, and inappropriate footwear. Falls were reported in 33.3 of patients. Falls were significantly associated with Hallux valgus, mallet toe and pain (p<0.05).Conclusion:Independent of the influence of age, gender, common conditions; foot problems have a significant impact on the ability to perform functional tasks integral to independent living.References:[1]Menz HB, Lord SR: Foot problems, functional impairment, and falls in older people. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 1999;89:458– 467. 3 AmericDisclosure of Interests:None declared

scholarly journals Physical activity and depression in older adults with and without cognitive impairment

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kornanong Yuenyongchaiwat ◽  
Khajonsak Pongpanit ◽  
Somrudee Hanmanop
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Geriatric Depression Scale ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk

ABSTRACT Low physical activity and depression may be related to cognitive impairment in the elderly. Objetive: To determine depression and physical activity (PA) among older adults with and without cognitive impairment. Methods: 156 older adults, both males and females, aged ≥60 years, were asked to complete the Thai Mini-Mental State Examination (Thai-MMSE), a global cognitive impairment screening tool. Seventy-eight older adults with cognitive impairment and 78 older adults without cognitive impairment were then separately administered two questionnaires (i.e., the Thai Geriatric Depression Scale; TGDS and Global Physical Activity Questionnaire; GPAQ). Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the risk of developing cognitive impairment in the groups of older individuals with and without cognitive impairment. Results: A cross-sectional study of elderly with a mean age of 74.47 ± 8.14 years was conducted. There were significant differences on the depression scale and in PA between older adults with and without cognitive impairment. Further, participants with low PA and high level of depressive symptoms had an increased risk of cognitive impairment (Odds ratio = 4.808 and 3.298, respectively). Conclusion: Significant differences were noted in PA and on depression scales between older adults with and without cognitive impairment. Therefore, increased PA and decreased depressive symptoms (i.e., having psychological support) are suggested to reduce the risks of cognitive impairment in older adults.

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