scholarly journals Housing conditions, level of feeding and presence of antibiotics in the feed shape rabbit cecal microbiota

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Velasco-Galilea ◽  
Miriam Guivernau ◽  
Miriam Piles ◽  
Marc Viñas ◽  
Oriol Rafel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Feed Composition ◽  
Animal Management ◽  
Cecal Microbiota ◽  
Relative Abundances ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: the effect of the production environment and different management practices in rabbit cecal microbiota remains poorly understood. While previous studies have proved the impact of the age or the feed composition, research in the housing conditions and other animal management aspects, such as the presence of antibiotics in the feed or the level of feeding, is still needed. Characterization of microbial diversity and composition of growing rabbits raised under different conditions could help better understand the role these practices play in cecal microbial communities and how it may result in different animal performance.Results: four hundred twenty-five meat rabbits raised in two different facilities, fed under two feeding regimes (ad libitum or restricted) with feed supplemented or free of antibiotics, were selected for this study. A 16S rRNA gene-based assessment through the MiSeq Illumina sequencing platform was performed on cecal samples collected from these individuals at slaughter. Different univariate and multivariate approaches were conducted to unravel the influence of the different factors on microbial alpha diversity and composition at phylum, genus and OTU taxonomic levels. The animals raised in the facility harboring the most stable environmental conditions had greater, and less variable, microbial richness and diversity. Bootstrap univariate analyses of variance and sparse partial least squares-discriminant analyses endorsed that farm exerted the largest influence on rabbit microbiota since the relative abundances of many taxa were found differentially represented between both facilities at all taxonomic levels characterized. Furthermore, only five OTUs were needed to achieve a perfect classification of samples according to the facility where animals were raised. The level of feeding and the presence of antibiotics did not modify the global alpha diversity but had an impact on some bacteria relative abundances, albeit in a small number of taxa compared with farm, which is consistent with the lower sample classification power according to these factors achieved using microbial information.Conclusions: this study reveals different degrees of influence attributable to environment and animal management. It highlights the importance of offering a controlled breeding environment that reduces differences in microbial cecal composition that could be causative of different animal performance.

scholarly journals Housing conditions, level of feeding and presence of antibiotics in the feed shape rabbit cecal microbiota

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Velasco-Galilea ◽  
Miriam Guivernau ◽  
Miriam Piles ◽  
Marc Viñas ◽  
Oriol Rafel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Feed Composition ◽  
Animal Management ◽  
Cecal Microbiota ◽  
Relative Abundances ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: the effect of the production environment and different management practices in rabbit cecal microbiota remains poorly understood. While previous studies have proved the impact of the age or the feed composition, research in the housing conditions and other animal management aspects, such as the presence of antibiotics in the feed or the level of feeding, is still needed. Characterization of microbial diversity and composition of growing rabbits raised under different conditions could help better understand the role these practices play in cecal microbial communities and how it may result in different animal performance.Results: four hundred twenty-five meat rabbits raised in two different facilities, fed under two feeding regimes (ad libitum or restricted) with feed supplemented or free of antibiotics, were selected for this study. A 16S rRNA gene-based assessment through the MiSeq Illumina sequencing platform was performed on cecal samples collected from these individuals at slaughter. Different univariate and multivariate approaches were conducted to unravel the influence of the different factors on microbial alpha diversity and composition at phylum, genus and OTU taxonomic levels. The animals raised in the facility harboring the most stable environmental conditions had greater, and less variable, microbial richness and diversity. Bootstrap univariate analyses of variance and sparse partial least squares-discriminant analyses endorsed that the farm exerted the largest influence on rabbit microbiota since the relative abundances of many taxa were found differentially represented between both facilities at all taxonomic levels characterized. Furthermore, only five OTUs were needed to achieve a perfect classification of samples according to the facility where animals were raised. The level of feeding and the presence of antibiotics did not modify the global alpha diversity but had an impact on some bacteria relative abundances, albeit in a small number of taxa compared with the farm, which is consistent with the lower sample classification power according to these factors achieved using microbial information.Conclusions: this study reveals different degrees of influence attributable to environment and animal management. It highlights the importance of offering a controlled breeding environment that reduces differences in microbial cecal composition that could be causative of different animal performance.

scholarly journals Housing Conditions, Level of Feeding and Presence of Antibiotics in The Feed Shape Rabbit Cecal Microbiota

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Velasco-Galilea ◽  
Miriam Guivernau ◽  
Miriam Piles ◽  
Marc Viñas ◽  
Oriol Rafel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Feed Composition ◽  
Animal Management ◽  
Cecal Microbiota ◽  
Relative Abundances ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: the effect of the production environment and different management practices in rabbit cecal microbiota remains poorly understood. While previous studies have proved the impact of the age or the feed composition, research in the housing conditions and other animal management aspects, such as the presence of antibiotics in the feed or the level of feeding, is still needed. Characterization of microbial diversity and composition of growing rabbits raised under different conditions could help better understand the role these practices play in cecal microbial communities and how it may result in different animal performance. Results: four hundred twenty-five meat rabbits raised in two different facilities, fed under two feeding regimes ( ad libitum or restricted) with feed supplemented or free of antibiotics, were selected for this study. A 16S rDNA-based assessment through the MiSeq Illumina sequencing platform was performed on cecal samples collected from these individuals at slaughter. Different univariate and multivariate approaches were conducted to unravel the influence of the different factors on microbial alpha diversity and composition at phylum, genus and OTU taxonomic levels. The animals raised in the facility harboring the most stable environmental conditions had greater, and less variable, microbial richness and diversity. Bootstrap univariate analyses of variance and sparse partial least squares-discriminant analyses endorsed that the farm exerted the largest influence on rabbit microbiota since the relative abundances of many taxa were found differentially represented between both facilities at all taxonomic levels characterized. Furthermore, only five OTUs were needed to achieve a perfect classification of samples according to the facility where animals were raised. The level of feeding and the presence of antibiotics did not modify the global alpha diversity but had an impact on some bacteria relative abundances, albeit in a small number of taxa compared with the farm, which is consistent with the lower sample classification power according to these factors achieved using microbial information. Conclusions: this study reveals different degrees of influence attributable to environment and animal management. It highlights the importance of offering a controlled breeding environment that reduces differences in microbial cecal composition that could be causative of different animal performance.

scholarly journals Housing Conditions, Level of Feeding and Presence of Antibiotics in the Feed Shape Rabbit Cecal Microbiota

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Velasco-Galilea ◽  
Miriam Guivernau ◽  
Miriam Piles ◽  
Marc Viñas ◽  
Oriol Rafel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Feed Composition ◽  
Animal Management ◽  
Cecal Microbiota ◽  
Relative Abundances ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: the effect of the production environment and different management practices in rabbit cecal microbiota remains poorly understood. While previous studies have proved the impact of the age or the feed composition, research in the housing conditions and other animal management aspects, such as the presence of antibiotics in the feed or the level of feeding, is still needed. Characterization of microbial diversity and composition of growing rabbits raised under different conditions could help better understand the role these practices play in cecal microbial communities and how it may result in different animal performance.Results: Four hundred twenty-five meat rabbits raised in two different facilities, fed under two feeding regimes ( ad libitum or restricted) with feed supplemented or free of antibiotics, were selected for this study. A 16S rDNA-based assessment through the MiSeq Illumina sequencing platform was performed on cecal samples collected from these individuals at slaughter. Different univariate and multivariate approaches were conducted to unravel the influence of the different factors on microbial alpha diversity and composition at phylum, genus and OTU taxonomic levels. The animals raised in the facility harboring the most stable environmental conditions had greater, and less variable, microbial richness and diversity. Bootstrap univariate analyses of variance and sparse partial least squares-discriminant analyses endorsed that the farm exerted the largest influence on rabbit microbiota since the relative abundances of many taxa were found differentially represented between both facilities at all taxonomic levels characterized. Furthermore, only five OTUs were needed to achieve a perfect classification of samples according to the facility where animals were raised. The level of feeding and the presence of antibiotics did not modify the global alpha diversity but had an impact on some bacteria relative abundances, albeit in a small number of taxa compared with the farm, which is consistent with the lower sample classification power according to these factors achieved using microbial information.Conclusions: this study reveals different degrees of influence attributable to environment and animal management. It highlights the importance of offering a controlled breeding environment that reduces differences in microbial cecal composition that could be causative of different animal performance.

scholarly journals Breeding farm, level of feeding and presence of antibiotics in the feed influence rabbit cecal microbiota

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
María Velasco-Galilea ◽  
Miriam Guivernau ◽  
Miriam Piles ◽  
Marc Viñas ◽  
Oriol Rafel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Feed Composition ◽  
Cecal Microbiota ◽  
Relative Abundances ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background The effect of the production environment and different management practices in rabbit cecal microbiota remains poorly understood. While previous studies have proved the impact of the age or the feed composition, research in the breeding farm and other animal management aspects, such as the presence of antibiotics in the feed or the level of feeding, is still needed. Characterization of microbial diversity and composition of growing rabbits raised under different conditions could help better understand the role these practices play in cecal microbial communities and how it may result in different animal performance. Results Four hundred twenty-five meat rabbits raised in two different facilities, fed under two feeding regimes (ad libitum or restricted) with feed supplemented or free of antibiotics, were selected for this study. A 16S rRNA gene-based assessment through the MiSeq Illumina sequencing platform was performed on cecal samples collected from these individuals at slaughter. Different univariate and multivariate approaches were conducted to unravel the influence of the different factors on microbial alpha diversity and composition at phylum, genus and OTU taxonomic levels. The animals raised in the facility harboring the most stable environmental conditions had greater, and less variable, microbial richness and diversity. Bootstrap univariate analyses of variance and sparse partial least squares-discriminant analyses endorsed that farm conditions exerted an important influence on rabbit microbiota since the relative abundances of many taxa were found differentially represented between both facilities at all taxonomic levels characterized. Furthermore, only five OTUs were needed to achieve a perfect classification of samples according to the facility where animals were raised. The level of feeding and the presence of antibiotics did not modify the global alpha diversity but had an impact on some bacteria relative abundances, albeit in a small number of taxa compared with farm, which is consistent with the lower sample classification power according to these factors achieved using microbial information. Conclusions This study reveals that factors associated with the farm effect and other management factors, such as the presence of antibiotics in the diet or the feeding level, modify cecal microbial communities. It highlights the importance of offering a controlled breeding environment that reduces differences in microbial cecal composition that could be responsible for different animal performance.

scholarly journals Breeding farm, level of feeding and presence of antibiotics in the feed influence rabbit cecal microbiota

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Velasco-Galilea ◽  
Miriam Guivernau ◽  
Miriam Piles ◽  
Marc Viñas ◽  
Oriol Rafel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Feed Composition ◽  
Cecal Microbiota ◽  
Relative Abundances ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: the effect of the production environment and different management practices in rabbit cecal microbiota remains poorly understood. While previous studies have proved the impact of the age or the feed composition, research in the breeding farm and other animal management aspects, such as the presence of antibiotics in the feed or the level of feeding, is still needed. Characterization of microbial diversity and composition of growing rabbits raised under different conditions could help better understand the role these practices play in cecal microbial communities and how it may result in different animal performance.Results: four hundred twenty-five meat rabbits raised in two different facilities, fed under two feeding regimes (ad libitum or restricted) with feed supplemented or free of antibiotics, were selected for this study. A 16S rRNA gene-based assessment through the MiSeq Illumina sequencing platform was performed on cecal samples collected from these individuals at slaughter. Different univariate and multivariate approaches were conducted to unravel the influence of the different factors on microbial alpha diversity and composition at phylum, genus and OTU taxonomic levels. The animals raised in the facility harboring the most stable environmental conditions had greater, and less variable, microbial richness and diversity. Bootstrap univariate analyses of variance and sparse partial least squares-discriminant analyses endorsed that farm conditions exerted an important influence on rabbit microbiota since the relative abundances of many taxa were found differentially represented between both facilities at all taxonomic levels characterized. Furthermore, only five OTUs were needed to achieve a perfect classification of samples according to the facility where animals were raised. The level of feeding and the presence of antibiotics did not modify the global alpha diversity but had an impact on some bacteria relative abundances, albeit in a small number of taxa compared with farm, which is consistent with the lower sample classification power according to these factors achieved using microbial information.Conclusions: this study reveals that factors associated with the farm effect and other management factors, such as the presence of antibiotics in the diet or the feeding level, modify cecal microbial communities. It highlights the importance of offering a controlled breeding environment that reduces differences in microbial cecal composition that could be responsible for different animal performance.

scholarly journals Effects of Psychotropics on the Microbiome in Patients With Depression and Anxiety: Considerations in a Naturalistic Clinical Setting

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshihiro Tomizawa ◽  
Shunya Kurokawa ◽  
Daiki Ishii ◽  
Katsuma Miyaho ◽  
Chiharu Ishii ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Whole Tree

Abstract Background The antibacterial effects of psychotropics may be part of their pharmacological effects when treating depression. However, limited studies have focused on gut microbiota in relation to prescribed medication. Method We longitudinally investigated the relationship between patients’ prescribed medications and intestinal bacterial diversity in a naturalistic treatment course for patients with major depressive disorders and anxiety disorders. Patients were recruited and their stool was collected at 3 time points during their usual psychiatric treatments. Gut microbiota were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We examined the impact of psychotropics (i.e., antidepressants, anxiolytics, antipsychotics) on their gut microbial diversity and functions. Results We collected 246 stool samples from 40 patients. Despite no differences in microbial diversity between medication groups at the baseline, over the course of treatment, phylogenic diversity whole-tree diversity decreased in patients on antipsychotics compared with patients without (P = .027), and beta diversity followed this trend. Based on a fixed-effect model, antipsychotics predicted microbial diversity; the higher doses correlated with less diversity based on the Shannon index and phylogenic diversity whole tree (estimate = −0.00254, SE = 0.000595, P < .0001; estimate = −0.02644, SE = 0.00833, P = .002, respectively). Conclusion Antipsychotics may play a role in decreasing the alpha diversity of the gut microbiome among patients with depression and anxiety, and our results indicate a relationship with medication dosage. Future studies are warranted and should consider patients’ types and doses of antipsychotics in order to further elucidate the mechanisms of gut-brain interactions in psychiatric disorders.

scholarly journals Inbreeding Alters the Gut Microbiota of the Banna Minipig

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2125
Author(s):  
Limin Wei ◽  
Bo Zeng ◽  
Siyuan Zhang ◽  
Feng Li ◽  
Fanli Kong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gene Sequencing ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Isoleucine Metabolism ◽  
Dominant Bacteria ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Predicted Function

The gut microbiota coevolve with the host and can be stably transmitted to the offspring. Host genetics plays a crucial role in the composition and abundance of gut microbiota. Inbreeding can cause a decrease of the host’s genetic diversity and the heterozygosity. In this study, we used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to compare the differences of gut microbiota between the Diannan small-ear pig and Banna minipig inbred, aiming to understand the impact of inbreeding on the gut microbiota. Three dominant bacteria (Stenotrophlomonas, Streptococcus, and Lactobacillus) were steadily enriched in both the Diannan small-ear pig and Banna minipig inbred. After inbreeding, the gut microbiota alpha diversity and some potential probiotics (Bifidobacterium, Tricibacter, Ruminocaccae, Christensenellaceae, etc.) were significantly decreased, while the pathogenic Klebsiella bacteria was significantly increased. In addition, the predicted metagenomic analysis (PICRUSt2) indicated that several amino acid metabolisms (‘‘Valine, leucine, and isoleucine metabolism’’, ‘‘Phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis’’, ‘‘Histidine metabolism’’) were also markedly decreased after the inbreeding. Altogether our data reveal that host inbreeding altered the composition and the predicted function of the gut microbiome, which provides some data for the gut microbiota during inbreeding.

scholarly journals Effects of Smoking and Smoking Cessation on the Intestinal Microbiota

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 2963
Author(s):  
Marcus G. Sublette ◽  
Tzu-Wen L. Cross ◽  
Claudia E. Korcarz ◽  
Kristin M. Hansen ◽  
Sofia M. Murga-Garrido ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Alpha And Beta Diversity ◽  
Quit Attempt ◽  
Relative Abundances

We evaluated associations of smoking heaviness markers and the effects of smoking cessation on the intestinal microbiota and cardiovascular disease risk factors in current smokers undertaking a quit attempt. Participants were current smokers enrolled in a prospective randomized clinical trial of smoking cessation therapies with visits at baseline, 2, and 12 weeks. Genomic DNA was extracted from fecal samples followed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and analysis using the QIIME2 software workflow. Relative abundances of bacterial taxa and alpha- and beta-diversity measures were used for comparisons. The 36 smokers were (mean (standard deviation)) 51.5 (11.1) years old (42% male) and smoked 15.1 (6.4) cigarettes per day for 22.7 (11.9) pack-years. Relative abundances of the phylum Actinobacteria correlated with pack-years (rho = −0.44, p = 0.008) and Cyanobacteria correlated with CO levels (rho = 0.39, p = 0.021). After 12 weeks, relative abundances of the phylum Bacteroidetes increased (pANCOVA = 0.048) and Firmicutes decreased (pANCOVA = 0.036) among abstainers compared to continuing smokers. Increases in alpha-diversity were associated with heart rates (rho = −0.59, p = 0.037), systolic blood pressures (rho = −0.58, p = 0.043), and C-reactive protein (rho = −0.60, p = 0.034). Smoking cessation led to minor changes in the intestinal microbiota. It is unclear if the proven health benefits of smoking cessation lead to salutary changes in the intestinal microbiota.

Fecal microbiota in untreated children with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis – a comparison with healthy children and healthy siblings

2020 ◽  
pp. jrheum.200551
Author(s):  
Anders Öman ◽  
Johan Dicksved ◽  
Lars Engstrand ◽  
Lillemor Berntson
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Healthy Siblings ◽  
Relative Abundances

Objective Changes in the composition of gut microbiota has been suggested to be associated with Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). The objective in this study was to investigate if the diversity and composition of the fecal microbiota differed between children with JIA and healthy controls, and if the microbiota differed between children with JIA and their healthy siblings. Methods In this multicenter, case-control study, fecal samples were collected from 75 children with JIA and 32 healthy controls. Eight of the healthy controls were siblings to eight children with JIA and they were compared only pairwise with their siblings. The microbiota was determined using sequencing amplicons from the V3 and V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene. Alpha diversity, community composition of microbiota and relative abundances of taxa were compared between children with JIA and healthy unrelated controls as well as between children with JIA and healthy siblings. Results Our data revealed no significant differences in α-diversity or community composition of microbiota between children with JIA, healthy unrelated controls or healthy siblings. Analyses of relative abundances of phyla, families and genera identified trends of differing abundances of some taxa in children with JIA, in comparison with both healthy controls and healthy siblings, but none of these findings were significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons. Conclusion There were no significant differences in the composition of fecal microbiota in children with JIA compared with healthy controls. The composition of microbiota in children with JIA did not differ significantly from that in their healthy siblings.

scholarly journals THU0340 DURATION AND SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS SUBTYPE ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENT GUT MICROBIOME PROFILES

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 401.2-401
Author(s):  
Y. Braun-Moscovici ◽  
S. Ben Simon ◽  
K. Dolnikov ◽  
S. Giryes ◽  
D. Markovits ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Systemic Sclerosis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Disease Duration ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Digital Ulcers ◽  
Diffuse Disease ◽  
Probiotic Treatment ◽  
The Impact

Background:A growing body of evidence suggests that the gut microbiota plays a significant role in the development of autoimmune diseases. Altered microbiota composition was associated with gastrointestinal and extraintestinal features in systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients.Objectives:To look for differences in gut microbiota between SSc patients regarding disease duration, disease subset and occurrence of digital ulcers (DU).Methods:SSc patients seen at our center were recruited in a prospective study. The exclusion criteria included antibiotic or probiotic treatment during the month prior to recruitment, recent hospitalization, BMI>30, diabetes mellitus or concomitant inflammatory bowel disease. Fecal samples were processed and 16S rRNA gene sequences were analyzed using the QIIME2 packageWeighted (quantitative) and unweighted (qualitative) UniFrac distances, alpha diversity for richness and homogeneity, taxa plots for species and phyla and ANCOM analyses were performed.Results:During July 2018-May 2019, 26 SSc patients (mean age [SD] 53[12.7] years) and disease duration 8.8 [7.1] years) fulfilled the criteria and were willing to participate in the study. Thirteen patients had diffuse SSc, 16 patients had active DU, 8 patients had Raynaud’s phenomenon only without DU, 2 patients had past DU. The microbiota was significantly more similar between patients without active DU compared to those with active DU (P=0.024), but species richness did not differ. Patients with SSc duration less than 6 years had significantly different microbiota compared to long-lasting SSc (unweighted PCoA – q=0.031). Significant variations concerning quantitative and qualitative UniFrac distances (q=0.063, q=0.005) and species richness (q=0.009) were found among patients with diffuse compared to limited SSc. Limited SSc was associated with greater species richness. Taxa plot analysis revealed higher relative abundance of Firmicutes in diffuse disease and of Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes in limited SSc.Conclusion:Disease duration, disease subset and active DU were associated with shifts in the microbiome of SSc patients. The impact of these changes on disease progression needs further elucidation.Figure:Disclosure of Interests:Yolanda Braun-Moscovici: None declared, Shira Ben Simon: None declared, Katya Dolnikov: None declared, Sami Giryes: None declared, Doron Markovits: None declared, Yonit Tavor: None declared, Kohava Toledano: None declared, Alexandra Balbir-Gurman Consultant of: Novartis, Omry Koren: None declared

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document