scholarly journals Decomposition Dynamics of Cooking-oil-soaked Paper in Media With a Low Inorganic Nitrogen Content

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Ciesielczuk ◽  
Czesława Rosik-Dulewska
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Test Material ◽  
Process Time ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Oil Sand ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Decomposition Dynamics ◽  
Cellulose Materials ◽  
Municipal Waste Compost

Abstract Many paper-related products are in daily use all over the world. Although paper is one of the most recycled materials in the European Union, no end-of-waste criteria have been defined. Typical paper and cardboard should be recycled, but paper materials with impurities, such as water, cooking oil, sand, or plastic, are much more problematic. In particular, paper polluted with cooking oil or butter (e.g., pizza boxes) is difficult waste. Composting could be a solution, but in many municipal solid waste collection systems, this waste type is collected with the mixed waste stream. Paper and cardboard contain potentially much CH4 and, in landfills, are a source of CO2 and CH4. Incineration of these materials also causes CO2 emission. The aim of this study was to investigate the degradation of cooking-oil-polluted paper in media with a low inorganic nitrogen content. Office paper usually used for printouts was used as pre-test material. Two types of paper usually used in the kitchen were used: pizza box cardboard and parchment paper highly polluted with cooking oil. Two types of low inorganic nitrogen media were tested: mature municipal waste compost (MSWC) and leaf mold. The decrease in mass of both paper sample types was correlated with process time. All tested samples—raw cellulose materials and paper with cooking oil added—were partly or completely decomposed after 6 weeks of bioprocessing without an additional dose of inorganic nitrogen.

CHEMICAL CHANGES IN NITROGEN FRACTIONS OF PLANT JUICE ON EXPOSURE TO FROST

1931 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Newton ◽  
W. R. Brown ◽  
J. A. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Nitrogen Fractions ◽  
The Press ◽  
Dilute Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Increased Sensitivity

Exposure of the press-juice of unhardened winter wheat plants to frost caused a decrease in coagulable protein content, an increase in amino nitrogen content and an increased sensitivity to hydrolysis by dilute sodium hydroxide. Added sugar reduced the amount of change. No change resulting from freezing could be demonstrated in the inorganic nitrogen fractions. It is suggested that protein splitting as found in hardened plants may be the result of frost rather than an adaptation against it, and that the value of sugar as a protection to winter plants may lie partly in its ability to delay this action.

scholarly journals Analysis of Soil Total Nitrogen and Inorganic Nitrogen Content for Evaluating Nitrogen Dynamics

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-105
Author(s):  
Seul-Bi Lee ◽  
Jwa-Kyung Sung ◽  
Ye-Jin Lee ◽  
Jung-Eun Lim ◽  
Yo-Sung Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Dynamics ◽  
Soil Total Nitrogen

scholarly journals MODIFICATION OF THE METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE WETTABILITY OF CELLULOSE FIBROUS RAW MATERIALS FOR POLYMER COMPOSITE MATERIALS

2021 ◽  
pp. 111-117
Author(s):  
Д.В. Чащилов ◽  
А.А. Генина
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Polymer Composite ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Polymer Composite Materials ◽  
Test Material ◽  
Plant Fibers ◽  
Modified Method ◽  
Cellulose Materials

Для полимерных композиционных материалов (ПКМ) с армирующим наполнителем из натуральных волокон одними из проблем являются оценка качества подготовки волокон и определение динамики взаимодействия волокон и полимерной матрицы. Актуальность проблем обусловлена расширяющимся объёмом исследований ПКМ с растительными волокнами и разнообразными видами и глубиной предварительной обработки растительных волокон. Предметом исследования выступил стандартный метод определения смачиваемости целлюлозных материалов. Цель экспериментального исследования – предложить модифицированный метод определения смачиваемости, потенциально пригодный для оценки качества подготовки армирующих наполнителей ПКМ из растительных волокон. Использован стандартный по ГОСТ и модифицированный метод определения смачиваемости. В качестве пробного материала использовали целлюлозу древесную, полубелёную сульфитную из хвойной древесины в форме целлюлозной папки. Образцы целлюлозы механически разрыхляли до элементарных волокон и испытывали на смачиваемость. Использовали три схемы испытаний – взвешивание стаканчика с навеской, погруженного в воду (схема 1), взвешивание сосуда с водой (схема 2), стандартную методику по ГОСТ (схема 3). По схемам 1 и 2 измерения проводили в течение до 120 секунд, по схеме 3 – 30 секунд. Эксперименты проводили в трёхкратной повторности. Сущность модифицированного метода определения смачиваемости основана на постоянном контроле массы навески по мере сорбции водной влаги. Полученные закономерности кинетики процесса показали, что количество водной влаги, впитываемой образцами, нелинейно меняется во времени. Величины смачиваемости, определённых по различным схемам, с учётом отклонений, соответствуют друг другу. Определение смачиваемости по модифицированному методу предложено проводить в течение 120 секунд, периодически контролируя показания весов. Предложенный модифицированный метод может быть использован в исследовательских целях для изучения динамики впитывания воды и сравнения поведения различных целлюлозных материалов для ПКМ с матрице на основе гидрофильных полимеров. For polymer composite materials (PCM) with a reinforcing filler made of natural fibers, one of the problems is to assess the quality of fiber preparation and determine the dynamics of the interaction of fibers and a poly-dimensional matrix. The urgency of the problems is due to the expanding volume of research on PCM with plant fibers and various types and depth of pretreatment of plant fibers. The subject of the study was a standard method for determining the wettability of cellulose materials. The purpose of the experimental study is to propose a modified method for determining wettability, potentially suitable for assessing the quality of preparation of reinforcing fillers of PCM from plant fibers. The standard GOST and modified method for determining wettability were used. As a test material, wood cellulose, semi-green sulfite from coniferous wood in the form of a cellulose folder was used. Cellulose samples were mechanically loosened to elementary fibers and tested for wettability. Three test schemes were used – weighing a cup with a suspension immersed in water (scheme 1), weighing a vessel with water (scheme 2), standard procedure according to GOST (scheme 3). According to schemes 1 and 2, measurements were carried out for up to 120 seconds, according to scheme 3 – 30 seconds. The experiments were carried out in threefold repetition. The essence of the modified method for determining the permeability is based on the constant control of the weight of the suspension as the sorption of water moisture. The obtained laws of the kinetics of the process showed that the amount of water moisture absorbed by the samples varies non-linearly over time. The wettability values determined according to various schemes, taking into account deviations, correspond to each other. The determination of wettability by the modified method is proposed to be carried out within 120 seconds, periodically monitoring the readings of the scales. The proposed modified method can be used for research purposes to study the dynamics of water absorption and compare the behavior of various cellulose materials for PCM with a matrix based on hydrophilic polymers.

Effect of Ammonium Sulphate on the Sporulation of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai SN2 (a Local Isolate) during Batch Fermentation

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan Mohtar Wan Yusoff ◽  
Mohd. Mazmira Mohd. Masri ◽  
Choy Mei Chan
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Batch Fermentation ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen Source ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Bacillus Thuringiensis Subsp

Kesan penambahan ammonium sulfat, (NH4)2SO, (sebagai sumber nitrogen bukan organik tunggal) terhadap pensporaan Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai strain SN2 dalam kultur kelompok telah dikaji. Peratus spora tertinggi (76 %) dikesan selepas 96 j pengkulturan dalam medium yang mengandungi 1.5 gL-1 (NH4)2SO4. Peratus spora tertinggi sebanyak 82 % juga dikesan dalam sampel 96 j apabila medium yang mengandungi 1.5 gL-1 (NH4)2SO4 ditambah dengan 3.0 gL-1 (NH4)2SO4 pada jam keenam selepas mula fermentasi. Peningkatan peratus spora didapati tidak berkaitan dengan jumlah kandungan nitrogen tetapi berkaitan dengan masa penambahan sumber nitrogen. Kata kunci: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai strain SN2, masa penambahan nutrien, kultur kelompok The effect of ammonium sulphate (as the sole inorganic nitrogen source) on the sporulation of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai strain SN2 was investigated in batch fermentation. The spore percentage of 76 % was achieved at 96 h after inoculation into a medium containing initial cencentration of 1.5 gL-1 ammonium sulphate. In another experiment, the maximum spore percentage of 82 % was obtained after 96 h inoculation in a medium with initial concentration of 1.5 gL-1 (NH4)2SO4 followed by an addition of 3.0 gL-1 (NH4)2SO4 after 6 h of fermentation. The increase in Bacillus thuringiensis spore percentage was not a function of total nitrogen content in the medium but was a function of the time nitrogen being added. Key words: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai strain SN2, timing addition, batch fermentation

Interlaboratory Comparison of an Analytical Method for the Determination of Semduramicin in Poultry Feed at the Authorized Level Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Postcolumn Derivatization and Spectrophotometric Detection

2012 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
María José González de la Huebra ◽  
Ursula Vincent ◽  
Federica Serano ◽  
Christoph von Holst
Keyword(s):  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Statistical Treatment ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Test Material ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Spectrophotometric Detection ◽  
Precision Data ◽  
Official Control ◽  
Postcolumn Derivatization

Abstract The performance characteristics of a method based on HPLC with postcolumn derivatization and spectrophotometric detection for the quantification of semduramicin in poultry feedingstuffs have been determined via a collaborative study. Semduramicin is a feed additive that is authorized for fattening chickens within the European Union at a minimum and maximum content of 20 and 25 mg/kg in feedingstuffs, respectively. The target concentration of semduramicin in the test samples ranged from 11.5 to 45.0 mg/kg. The study has been conducted with two different types of test material, namely, feedingstuff samples that have been previously ground in our laboratory and pelleted feedingstuffs. In the latter case, the laboratories participating in the study had to grind the samples prior to analysis. The obtained RSD for repeatability (RSDr) ranged from 2 to 10% for the ground materials, and from 2 and 7% for the pelleted materials. The RSD for reproducibility (RSDR) varied between 11 and 16% for the ground materials, and between 12 and 15% for the pelleted materials. These data indicated that grinding as an additional step in the analytical procedure did not influence the precision profile of the method. In addition, the HorRat values for all test materials were below or equal to 1.5, thus demonstrating that the obtained precision data were acceptable for the purpose of the method. Furthermore, an estimation of trueness based on statistical treatment of the results reported from the laboratories for spiked samples revealed acceptable mean recovery values of 88 ± 4%. Based on the obtained performance profile, the method can be considered fully validated and transferable to control laboratories to be used within the framework of official control.

Studies on calcium cyanamide. IV. The use of calcium cyanamide and other forms of nitrogen on grassland

1934 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Early Winter ◽  
Grassland Soil ◽  
Late Autumn ◽  
Soil Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Calcium Cyanamide ◽  
Soil Inorganic

Summary1. Ammonia added as sulphate of ammonia disappeared rapidly from a pasture grassland soil, while very little nitrate accumulated. In winter or early spring three-fourths of the added nitrogen had gone in less than 4 weeks. After the first fortnight there was little difference in the soil inorganic nitrogen from calcium cyanamide and from sulphate of ammonia. A moderate dressing of dicyanodiamide slightly reduced but did not inhibit nitrification; it did not appreciably retard the disappearance of inorganic nitrogen from the soil in winter.2. Winter applications of sulphate of ammonia produced less increase in yield or nitrogen content of repeatedly mown herbage than did spring ones. A late autumn application was almost as effective as a spring one. Calcium cyanamide in late autumn or early winter was on the whole less effective than sulphate of ammonia, but in spring the two were substantially equal. There was little evidence that calcium cyanamide was “slow acting” in comparison with sulphate of ammonia. Dicyanodiamide was practically inert so far as the effect of winter dressings on yield or nitrogen uptake was concerned.

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