Sex-Specific Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Left Ventricular Systolic Function and Prognosis in Heart Failure
Abstract Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) aggravates the clinical features and outcomes of heart failure (HF). However, the sex-specific cardiovascular consequence of DM in HF patients remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the sex differences in associations of DM with echocardiographic phenotypes and clinical outcomes of HF.Methods: We studied 4,180 patients admitted for acute HF between 2009 and 2016 (median follow-up, 31.7 months), whose left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LV-GLS) data were available. Patients were compared by sex and DM. Structural equation model (SEM) analysis was performed to evaluate the moderating effects of two causal paths, via ischemic heart disease (IHD) and LV-GLS, linking DM with mortality by sex. Results: Among 1,431 patients with HF and DM (34.2%), women had more preserved LV systolic function, whereas men had more ischemic etiology. Compared to non-diabetic women, diabetic women had lower LV-GLS (11.3% versus 10.1%, p<0.001), but the difference was attenuated within men (9.7% versus 9.2%, p=0.014). In Cox analyses, DM was an independent predictor for higher mortality in both women and men, with a statistically insignificant but higher relative risk in women than men (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.35, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.15-1.59 for women versus HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.07-1.44 for men, p for interaction=0.669). Restricted cubic spline curves showed that LV-GLS consistently declined, and mortality increased in women as hyperglycemia became more severe, but these trends were not evident in men. In SEM analysis, the main driver from DM to mortality differed by sex; men had a stronger effect via IHD than LV-GLS, whereas effect mediating LV-GLS was the only predominant path in women.Conclusions: DM increases the mortality risk in HF irrespective of sex. However, the main driver leading to mortality differed by sex, suggesting the importance of sex-specific strategies for HF management.