scholarly journals Development and Validation of a Model for Soil Wetting Geometry Under Moistube Irrigation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Dirwai ◽  
A. Senzanje ◽  
T. Mabhaudhi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Porous Wall ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Silty Clay Loam ◽  
Geometry Model ◽  
Soil Wetting ◽  
Soil Water Movement

Abstract We developed an empirical soil wetting geometry model for silty clay loam and coarse sand soils under a semi-permeable porous wall line source Moistube Irrigation (MTI) lateral irrigation. The model was developed to simulate vertical and lateral soil water movement using the Buckingham pi (π) theorem. This study was premised on a hypothesis that soil hydraulic properties influence soil water movement under MTI. Two independent, but similar experiments, were conducted to calibrate and validate the model using MTI lateral placed at a depth of 0.2 m below the soil surface in a soil bin with a continuous water supply (150 kPa). Soil water content was measured every 5 minutes for 100 h using MPS-2 sensors. Model calibration showed that soil texture influenced water movement (\(p\) < 0.05) and showed a good fit for wetted widths and depths for both soils ( \(nRMSE\) = 0.5% − 10%; \(NSE \ge\) 0.50; and d-index \(\ge\) 0.50. The percentage bias \(\left(PBIAS\right)\) statistic revealed that the models’ under-estimated wetted depth after 24 h by 21.9% and 3.9% for silty clay loam and sandy soil respectively. Sensitivity analysis revealed an agreeable models’ performance values. This implies the applicability of the model for estimating wetted distances for an MTI lateral placed at 0.2 m. However, further experimentation under varying scenarios for which MTI would be used, including field conditions, is needed to further validate the model and establish robustness. MTI wetting geometry informs placement depth for optimal irrigation water usage.

EFFECT OF SOIL WATER STATUS AND STRENGTH ON TRAFFICABILITY

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. PAUL ◽  
J. DE VRIES
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Water Table Depth ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Silty Clay Loam ◽  
Soil Water Tension ◽  
Farm Vehicles

Trafficability tests with typical farm vehicles were carried out on three lowland fields at various degrees of wetness. Structural damage after the first and third passes was assessed in terms of bulk density, aeration porosity, pore-size distribution and rut depth. These indices could not be used per se as criteria for trafficable conditions because of lack of information concerning their relationship to plant growth. Instead, a trafficability criterion oriented toward traction efficiency was established by determining for each soil the relationship between its strength (assessed with a cone penetrometer) and traction efficiency measured by wheelslip. A critical value of strength for trafficability was inferred from this relationship. This was then used to obtain soil water tension limits for trafficability from known relations between tension and strength. Soil strength was found to be linearly dependent upon water table depth in spring when evapotranspiration was small and when the water table depth was less than 80 cm. Consideration of these relationships led to the establishment of critical water table limits for trafficability. These were 53, 45, and 60 cm for Lumbum muck, Hallart silty clay loam (SiCL) (grassland), and Hallart silty clay loam (cultivated), respectively.

scholarly journals Effects of Different Irrigation Strategies on Soil Water, Salt, and Nitrate Nitrogen Transport

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi Xu ◽  
Wen-Zhi Zeng ◽  
Jing-Wei Wu ◽  
Jie-Sheng Huang
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Silty Clay Loam ◽  
Intermittent Irrigation ◽  
Silty Loam ◽  
Hydrus 1D

Abstract Intermittent irrigation has attracted much attention as a water-saving technology in arid and semi-arid regions. For understanding the effect of intermittent irrigation on water and solute storage varied from irrigation amount per time (IRA), irrigation application frequency (IRAF), irrigation intervals (IRI) and even soil texture (ST), intermittent irrigation experiment was carried out in 33 micro-plots in Inner Mongolia, China. The experiment results were used for the calibration and validation of HYDRUS-1D software. Then 3 ST (silty clay loam, silty loam, and silty clay), 5 IRA (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 cm), 4 IRAF (2, 3, 4, and 5 times) and 4 IRI (1, 2, 3, and 4 days) were combined and total 240 scenarios were simulated by HYDRUS-1D. Analysis of variance (ANVOA) of simulated results indicated that ST, IRA, and IRAF had significant effect on salt and nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N) storage of 0-40 cm depth soil in intermittent irrigation while only ST affected soil water storage obviously. Furthermore, salt leaching percentage (SLP) and water use efficiency (WUE) of 0-40 cm depth were calculated and statistical prediction models for SLP were established based on the ANOVA using multiple regression analysis in each soil texture. Then constraint conditions of soil water storage (around field capacity), salt storage (smaller than 168 mg·cm−2), WUE (as large as possible) in 0-40 cm depth and total irrigation water amount (less than 25 cm) were proposed to find out the optimal intermittent irrigation strategies. Before sowing, the optimal irrigation strategy for silty clay loam soil was 6 cm IRA, 3 times IRAF, and 2 days IRI respectively. For silty loam and silty clay soils, IRA, IRAF, and IRI were 8 cm, 3 times, and 2 days respectively.

Persistence and Movement of Picloram in Two Kansas Soils

Weed Science ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Phillips ◽  
K. C. Feltner
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Silty Clay Loam ◽  
Soil Movement ◽  
Soil Cracks

Persistence and movement of 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) were studied in silty clay loam soils located at Hays and Newton, Kansas. At Hays, picloram was applied to a Harney silty clay loam at rates of 2.24 and 3.36 kg/ha in 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, and 1968 and at Newton to a Goessel (tentative) silty clay loam at rates of 1.12, 2.24, and 3.36 kg/ha in 1966. Fifteen, 20, or 30-cm increments of soil were taken from as deep at 2.4 m below the soil surface and bio-assayed with soybeans(Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Clark 63′) in 1968 and 1969. In both soils the highest concentration of phytotoxic residue remained near the soil surface, but differences between the two sites were evident. In the Goessel soil phytotoxic residues were detected only near the surface. In the Harney soil movement was uneven, but residues were detected as deep as 2.4 m below the surface. Soil cracks probably contributed to penetration of small amounts of the herbicide to as much as 2.4 m below the surface. Total picloram remaining in both soils diminished with time.

Yellow Nutsedge Control in Soybeans

Weed Science ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Wax ◽  
E. W. Stoller ◽  
F. W. Slife ◽  
R. N. Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Silty Clay Loam ◽  
Late Planting ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Selective Control ◽  
Margin Of Safety

A system for controlling yellow nutsedge(Cyperus esculentusL.) in soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] which involved preplanting tillage, late planting, herbicides, and cultivation was evaluated in 1969 and 1970. In Illinois on a Drummer silty clay loam,S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) andS-ethyl diisobutylthiocarbamate (butylate), incorporated in the soil before planting, gave good and fair control of yellow nutsedge, respectively, but both injured soybeans initially.S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate (vernolate), also incorporated before planting, controlled yellow nutsedge as well as EPTC did, and resulted in less injury to soybeans. Soybean yields were not reduced by any of the thiocarbamate treatments. Incorporation of 2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide (alachlor) or 2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide (propachlor), just before planting, controlled at least 90% of the yellow nutsedge in both years, whereas preemergence applications were only moderately successful and dependent on rainfall. In field microplots, alachlor and vernolate provided only fair control of yellow nutsedge when applied to the soil surface, but they both controlled 95% of the yellow nutsedge when incorporated 7.6 cm. In greenhouse studies on selective control of yellow nutsedge in soybeans, alachlor exhibited a wider margin of safety to soybeans than did vernolate.

Upward flux of water and deep-placed P in relation to soil texture, water table depth and evaporation rate

1985 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-307
Author(s):  
P. K. Sharma ◽  
A. K. Sinha ◽  
T. N. Chaudhaby
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Potential Evaporation ◽  
Silty Clay Loam ◽  
P Movement ◽  
Upward Flux

SummaryUpward flux of water and deep-placed (8–10 cm) P was studied in columns of sandyloam and silty clay loam, with water tables of 60 and 90 cm, each subjected to potential evaporation rates of 2–2 and 7–5 mm/day, for 15 days. An amount of 300 mg P/kg soil, labelled with 20 /tCi 32P/g P, was applied as diammonium hydrogen orthophosphate.Evaporation losses increased with increase in potential evaporation (PE) and decrease in depth to water table in both soils, but the ratio of actual to potential evaporation (AE/PE) decreased with increasing PE, indicating that the evaporative losses in both the soils were mainly controlled by their hydraulic conductive properties. Under no circumstances did AE equal PE. Evaporation, in general, was higher from sandy loam than from silty clay loam.Corresponding to water flux, total upward P flux increased with increasing PE and decreasing depth to water. In the sandy loam, with 2–2 mm PE/day, 21 % of the deepplaced P moved to the soil surface with the 60 cm water table, against 5 % with the 90 cm water table. Under 7–5 mm PE/day, 39% P migrated to the surface with the 60 cm water table, but no 3aP was detected at the surface with the 90 cm water table. In the silty clay loam, however, P movement was much restricted.

Triallate Mobility in Soils

Weed Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 541-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. B. Beestman ◽  
J. M. Deming
Keyword(s):  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Silty Clay Loam ◽  
Moisture Capacity ◽  
Relative Volatility ◽  
Air Exposure

Laboratory studies were conducted to measure the relative volatility of triallate [S-(2,3,3-trichloroallyl) diisopropylthiocarbamate] from soils and to determine the effect of surfactants on triallate mobility. Significant volatilization occurred from continuously moist soils under constant air exposure but triallate did not volatilize more rapidly than herbicides which do not respond to incorporation. Volatilization rates from Ray silt soil fell in the order of propachlor (2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide) > triallate > alachlor [2-chloro-2′, 6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] and from Drummer silty clay loam were propachlor > alachlor > triallate. In suspension studies soils reversibly adsorbed 93 to 98% of the triallate in aqueous solution. With soil at field moisture capacity, the concentration of triallate in soil solution was 13 ppbw without surfactant and 14 ppbw with 3 parts emulsifier blend to 1 part of triallate (w/w). With this level of emulsifier 92% of triallate applied to the soil surface remained in the upper 3 cm of soil following a 15.2-cm simulated rainfall. Without surfactant 99% remained in the upper 3 cm of soil. Lower triallate mobility in moist soils observed in this study coupled with the strong dependence of triallate bioactivity as reported by others strongly suggests that deactivation by dry surface soils rather than volatility is primarily responsible for the triallate response to incorporation.

Effect The Treatments of Biofertilizer and Mineral Fertilizer on Content of N P K of Soil Cultivated With Crop Corn (Zea Mays L).

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-256
Author(s):  
Mohammed Aajmi Salman ◽  
Jawad A. Kamal Al-Shibani
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Potassium Fertilizer ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Silty Clay Loam ◽  
Fall Season ◽  
Loam Soil

Beneficial microorganisms play a key role in the availability of ions minerals in the soil and use Randomized Complete Block Desing ( R.C.B.D ). The objective of this paper to the study effect of the of biofertilizer and miniral treatments on availability of NPK for crop corn zea mays L.Two types of biofertilizer are Bacterial Bacillus subtilis and Fungal Trichoderma harianum. Three levels of potassium fertilizer are (2.9533, 0.4000 and 2.9533). A field experiment in fall season of 2018 Has been conducted in silty clay loam soil. The experimental Results indicated that Bacillus and Trichoderma inoculation separately or together Have made a significant effect to increase in the availability of N P K in the soil compare to other treatments. The grain yield is where (2.9533, 0.4000 and 2.9533) of bacterial and fungal bio-fertilizer and potassium fertilizers respectively as compared to the control.

Modeling Soil Water Movement in Pedostructure

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabi H. Mohtar ◽  
Erik Braudeau
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Soil Water Movement

Simulating soil-water movement under a hedgerow surrounding a bottomland reveals the importance of transpiration in water balance

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 577-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Thomas ◽  
J. Molénat ◽  
V. Caubel ◽  
C. Grimaldi ◽  
P. Mérot
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Soil Water Movement

scholarly journals Discontinuous finite volume element method of two-dimensional unsaturated soil water movement problem

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Chen ◽  
Zhixiao Xu
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Finite Volume ◽  
Unsaturated Soil ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Optimal Error Estimate ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Fully Discrete ◽  
Volume Method ◽  
Movement Problem ◽  
Soil Water Movement

AbstractIn this paper, a numerical approximation method for the two-dimensional unsaturated soil water movement problem is established by using the discontinuous finite volume method. We prove the optimal error estimate for the fully discrete format. Finally, the reliability of the method is verified by numerical experiments. This method is not only simple to calculate, but also stable and reliable.

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