scholarly journals Dynamic causal modeling for EEG during complex laparoscopic skill acquisition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pushpinder Walia ◽  
Anil Kamat ◽  
Suvranu De ◽  
Anirban Dutta
Keyword(s):  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Causal Modeling ◽  
Wavelet Coherence ◽  
Laparoscopic Skill ◽  
Knot Tying ◽  
Dynamic Causal Modeling ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Intracorporeal Knot Tying

Abstract Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) is a prerequisite for board certification in general surgery in the USA. It includes a motor skills portion with five psychomotor tasks of increasing task complexity: (i) pegboard transfers, (ii) pattern cutting, (iii) placement of a ligating loop, (iv) suturing with extracorporeal knot tying, and (v) suturing with intracorporal knot tying. Learning these tasks typically relies on extensive practice [1]. Nemani et al. [2] showed that the wavelet coherence based functional connectivity from functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) data between the medial prefrontal cortex and the supplementary motor area (SMA) was lower for experts than novices during FLS pattern cutting task. Here, SMA is known for the plasticity of interhemispheric connectivity involving sensorimotor network [3] relevant in learning bimanual laparoscopic tasks; however, transcranial direct current (tDCS) of SMA resulted in more variability during FLS pegboard transfers than bilateral primary motor cortex tDCS. Here, it is essential to differentiate tDCS effects on the pre-SMA from SMA proper in the SMA complex during laparoscopic skill acquisition due to differences in their fiber tracts [4] and their relevance to motor task complexity. Prior work using fNIRS-based activation during most complex FLS suturing task with intracorporeal knot tying [5] showed the involvement of premotor/frontal module [4] related Brodmann areas (BA), shown in Figure 1c, including ventrolateral PFC (VLPFC; BA: 44, 45, 47), frontopolar (FP; BA: 10), dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC; BA: 9, 46) as well as a part of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC; BA: 11) on the lateral brain surface in addition to SMA complex. However, the effective connectivity of this cognitive-motor control network was not investigated based on dynamic causal modeling (DCM) [6], where the temporal resolution of electroencephalogram (EEG) can capture fast interactions expected via short frontal lobe connections [4]. Therefore, our research aimed to identify hidden brain networks during FLS suturing with intracorporeal knot tying skill acquisition using DCM of EEG.

scholarly journals Coordination of multiple joints increases bilateral connectivity with ipsilateral sensorimotor cortices

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin B. Wilkins ◽  
Jun Yao
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Motor Preparation ◽  
Causal Modeling ◽  
Finger Movements ◽  
Beta Band ◽  
Ipsilateral Hemisphere ◽  
Joint Coordination ◽  
Hand Opening

AbstractAlthough most activities of daily life require simultaneous coordination of both proximal and distal joints, motor preparation during such movements has not been well studied. Previous results for motor preparation have focused on hand/finger movements. For simple hand/finger movements, results have found that such movements typically evoke activity primarily in the contralateral motor cortices. However, increasing the complexity of the finger movements, such as during a distal sequential finger-pressing task, leads to additional recruitment of ipsilateral resources. It has been suggested that this involvement of the ipsilateral hemisphere is critical for temporal coordination of distal joints. The goal of the current study was to examine whether increasing simultaneous coordination of multiple joints (both proximal and distal) leads to a similar increase in coupling with ipsilateral sensorimotor cortices during motor preparation compared to a simple distal movement such as hand opening. To test this possibility, 12 healthy individuals participated in a high-density EEG experiment in which they performed either hand opening or simultaneous hand opening while lifting at the shoulder on a robotic device. We quantified within- and cross-frequency cortical coupling across the sensorimotor cortex for the two tasks using dynamic causal modeling. Both hand opening and simultaneous hand opening while lifting at the shoulder elicited coupling from secondary motor areas to primary motor cortex within the contralateral hemisphere exclusively in the beta band, as well as from ipsilateral primary motor cortex. However increasing the task complexity by combining hand opening while lifting at the shoulder also led to an increase in coupling within the ipsilateral hemisphere as well as interhemispheric coupling between hemispheres that expanded to theta, mu, and gamma frequencies. These findings demonstrate that increasing the demand of joint coordination between proximal and distal joints leads to increases in communication with the ipsilateral hemisphere as previously observed in distal sequential finger tasks.

scholarly journals Interhemispheric functional connectivity in the primary motor cortex distinguishes between training on a physical and a virtual surgical simulator

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anirban Dutta ◽  
Anil Kamat ◽  
Basiel Makled ◽  
Jack Norfleet ◽  
Xavier Intes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Wavelet Coherence ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
Percent Change ◽  
Left And Right

Functional brain connectivity using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during a pattern cutting (PC) task was investigated in physical and virtual simulators. 14 right-handed novice medical students were recruited and divided into separate cohorts for physical (N=8) and virtual (N=6) PC training. Functional brain connectivity measured were based on wavelet coherence (WCOH) from task-related oxygenated hemoglobin (HBO2) changes from baseline at left and right prefrontal cortex (LPFC, RPFC), left and right primary motor cortex (LPMC, RPMC), and supplementary motor area (SMA). HBO2 changes within the neurovascular frequency band (0.01-0.07Hz) from long-separation channels were used to compute average inter-regional WCOH metrics during the PC task. The coefficient of variation (CoV) of WCOH metrics and PC performance metrics were compared. WCOH metrics from short-separation fNIRS time-series were separately compared. Partial eta squared effect size (Bonferroni correction) between the physical versus virtual simulator cohorts was found to be highest for LPMC-RPMC connectivity. Also, the percent change in magnitude-squared WCOH metric was statistically (p<0.05) different for LPMC-RPMC connectivity between the physical and the virtual simulator cohorts. Percent change in WCOH metrics from extracerebral sources was not different at the 5% significance level. Also, higher CoV for both LPMC-RPMC magnitude-squared WCOH metric and PC performance metrics were found in physical than a virtual simulator. We conclude that interhemispheric connectivity of the primary motor cortex is the distinguishing functional brain connectivity feature between the physical versus the virtual simulator cohorts. Brain-behavior relationship based on CoV between the LPMC-RPMC magnitude-squared WCOH metric and the FLS PC performance metric provided novel insights into the neuroergonomics of the physical and virtual simulators that is crucial for validating Virtual Reality technology.

scholarly journals Changes in Sensorimotor Cortical Activation in Children Using Prostheses and Prosthetic Simulators

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 991
Author(s):  
Christopher Copeland ◽  
Mukul Mukherjee ◽  
Yingying Wang ◽  
Kaitlin Fraser ◽  
Jorge M. Zuniga
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Tactile Feedback ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Limb Reduction ◽  
Motor Dexterity

This study aimed to examine the neural responses of children using prostheses and prosthetic simulators to better elucidate the emulation abilities of the simulators. We utilized functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to evaluate the neural response in five children with a congenital upper limb reduction (ULR) using a body-powered prosthesis to complete a 60 s gross motor dexterity task. The ULR group was matched with five typically developing children (TD) using their non-preferred hand and a prosthetic simulator on the same hand. The ULR group had lower activation within the primary motor cortex (M1) and supplementary motor area (SMA) compared to the TD group, but nonsignificant differences in the primary somatosensory area (S1). Compared to using their non-preferred hand, the TD group exhibited significantly higher action in S1 when using the simulator, but nonsignificant differences in M1 and SMA. The non-significant differences in S1 activation between groups and the increased activation evoked by the simulator’s use may suggest rapid changes in feedback prioritization during tool use. We suggest that prosthetic simulators may elicit increased reliance on proprioceptive and tactile feedback during motor tasks. This knowledge may help to develop future prosthesis rehabilitative training or the improvement of tool-based skills.

scholarly journals Regression dynamic causal modeling for resting‐state fMRI

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Frässle ◽  
Samuel J. Harrison ◽  
Jakob Heinzle ◽  
Brett A. Clementz ◽  
Carol A. Tamminga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resting State ◽  
Resting State Fmri ◽  
Causal Modeling ◽  
Dynamic Causal Modeling

A rigorous approach for testing the constructionist hypotheses of brain function

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gopikrishna Deshpande ◽  
K. Sathian ◽  
Xiaoping Hu ◽  
Joseph A. Buckhalt
Keyword(s):  
Granger Causality ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Bayesian Modeling ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Causal Modeling ◽  
Dynamic Causal Modeling ◽  
Rigorous Approach ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Co Activation

AbstractAlthough the target article provides strong evidence against the locationist view, evidence for the constructionist view is inconclusive, because co-activation of brain regions does not necessarily imply connectivity between them. We propose a rigorous approach wherein connectivity between co-activated regions is first modeled using exploratory Granger causality, and then confirmed using dynamic causal modeling or Bayesian modeling.

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