scholarly journals Linking the Evolution of Development of Stem Vascular System in Nyctaginaceae and Its Correlation to Habit and Species Diversification

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Israel L. Cunha Neto ◽  
Marcelo Rodrigo Pace ◽  
Rebeca Hernández-Gutiérrez ◽  
Veronica Angyalossy
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Stem Anatomy ◽  
Species Diversification ◽  
Successive Cambia ◽  
The Family ◽  
Interxylary Phloem ◽  
Cambial Variants

Abstract Background: The presence of alternative patterns of secondary growth in stems of Nyctaginaceae has been known for a long time. Still, the interpretation of types of cambial variants are controversial. The knowledge on stem anatomical diversity in Nyctaginaceae, which is diverse also in habits, offers the unique opportunity not only to investigate the evolution of complex developments, but also to address how these anatomies shifted within habits and how the acquisition of novel cambial variants and habit transitions impacted the diversification of the family. Methods: We integrated developmental data with a phylogenetic framework to investigate the diversity and evolution of stem anatomy in Nyctaginaceae using phylogenetic comparative methods, reconstructing ancestral states, and examining whether anatomical shifts correspond to species diversification rate shifts in the family. Results: Two types of cambial variants, interxylary phloem and successive cambia, were recorded in Nyctaginaceae, which result from four different ontogenies. These ontogenetic trajectories depart from two distinct primary vascular structures (regular or polycyclic eustele) yet, they contain shared developmental stages which generate stem morphologies with deconstructed boundaries of morphological categories (continuum morphology). Unlike our a priori hypotheses, interxylary phloem is reconstructed as the ancestral character for the family, with three ontogenies characterized as successive cambia evolving in few taxa. Cambial variants are not contingent in habits, and their transitions are independent from species diversification.Conclusions: Our findings suggests that multiple developmental mechanisms, such as heterochrony and heterotopy generate the transitions between interxylary phloem and successive cambia. Intermediate between these two extremes are present in Nyctaginaceae, suggesting a continuum morphology across the family as a generator of anatomical diversity.

Structure of the secondary xylem and development of a cambial variant in Serjania mexicana (Sapindaceae)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Kishore S. Rajput ◽  
Amit D. Gondaliya ◽  
Roger Moya
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Stem Anatomy ◽  
The Family ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Cambial Variant ◽  
Proportional Increase ◽  
Plant Families ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Cambial Variants

Abstract The lianas in the family Sapindaceae are known for their unique secondary growth which differs from climbing species in other plant families in terms of their cambial variants. The present study deals with the stem anatomy of self-supporting and lianescent habit, development of phloem wedges, the ontogeny of cambial variants and structure of the secondary xylem in the stems of Serjania mexicana (L.) Willd. Thick stems (15–20 mm) were characterized by the presence of distinct phloem wedges and tangentially wide neo-formed cambial cylinders. As the stem diameter increases, there is a proportional increase in the number of phloem wedges and neo-formed vascular cylinders. The parenchymatous (pericyclic) cells external to phloem wedges that are located on the inner margin of the pericyclic fibres undergo dedifferentiation, become meristematic and form small segments of cambial cylinders. These cambia extend tangentially into wide and large segments of neoformations. Structurally, the secondary xylem and phloem of the neo-formed vascular cylinders remain similar to the derivatives produced by the regular vascular cambium. The secondary xylem is composed of vessels (wide and narrow), fibres, axial and ray parenchyma cells. The occurrence of perforated ray cells is a common feature in both regular and variant xylem.

MENISPERMACEAE WOOD ANATOMY AND CAMBIAL VARIANTS

IAWA Journal ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric M.B. Jacques ◽  
Dario De Franceschi
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Successive Cambia ◽  
General Overview ◽  
The Family ◽  
Growth Types ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Cambial Variants

Menispermaceae are comprised almost entirely of lianas. Study of its wood anatomy is of interest for understanding adaptation to the liana habit. We set out here to present a general overview of Menispermaceae wood. The wood anatomy of 77 species of 44 genera, representative of an tribes and from an continents, is described. The wood of 18 of these genera was previously unknown. We observed two secondary growth types within the family: wood with successive cambia and wood with a single cambium. The distribution of these types is partly consistent with the c1assification of the family by Diels. General characters of the family are: wide rays, enlarged vessel pits near the perforation plates, and pitted tyloses. The fun range of wood anatomical diversity is given in Table 1.

Development of cambial variant and parenchyma proliferation in Hewittia malabarica (Convolvulaceae) from India and South Africa

IAWA Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Kishore S. Rajput ◽  
Amit D. Gondaliya ◽  
Himansu Baijnath
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Stem Anatomy ◽  
Histological Techniques ◽  
The Family ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Meristematic Activity ◽  
Cambial Variant ◽  
Interxylary Phloem

Abstract Members of the Convolvulaceae are characterized by the climbing habit and occurrence of variant secondary growth. From a histological perspective, the genus Ipomoea L. is the most extensively studied, while other genera have been less studied. Here, stem anatomy of the least studied genus in the family, Hewittia Wight & Arn., represented by Hewittia malabarica (L.) Suresh was investigated using classical histological techniques. In both the samples collected from India and South Africa, stem thickness increased by developing different types of cambial variants such as: neo-formed vascular cylinders, parenchyma proliferation at the phloem wedges, ray-derived cambia from dilating phloem rays, internal cambium, intra- and interxylary phloem. Neo-formed vascular cylinders develop from the parenchyma cells external to the phloem as a meristemoid in thick stems and later in dilating ray cells. With the increase in stem diameter, cells of the phloem wedges showed proliferation by meristematic activity, which form a connection with the cortex by rupturing the primary tissue ring of eustele. Subsequently, development of cambium in phloem wedges and deposition of its derivatives increased the tangential width of rays. Mature thick stems (25–30 mm) give rise to a fissured stem. Intraxylary (internal) phloem development on the pith margin was observed from primary growth onwards and in thick stems secondary intraxylary phloem developed from the internal cambium. Internal cambium is functionally bidirectional and produces secondary xylem internally and secondary phloem externally. In all the samples, patches of unlignified parenchyma embedded within the secondary xylem dedifferentiate and mature into interxylary phloem with the increasing age. Development of cambial variant and structure of the secondary xylem is correlated with the functional significance of the climbing habit.

Stem anatomy at various developmental stages of secondary growth in Turbina corymbosa (Convolvulaceae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 151 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoj M. Lekhak ◽  
Amit D. Gondaliya ◽  
Shrirang R. Yadav ◽  
Kishore S. Rajput
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Stem Anatomy ◽  
Successive Cambia ◽  
Background Population ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells

Background – Population growth of lianas in the tropical forest is credited to their ability of CO2 sequestration and efficiency of the narrow stems to supply water required for the amount of foliage it bears. Turbina corymbosa (L.) Raf. (Convolvulaceae Juss.) is one of the fast-growing invasive species of scrambling woody lianas. It covers trees entirely within a short period to compete with above-ground resources (particularly sunlight). However, no information is available on how it manages to cope up with an increasing demand of water supply and mineral nutrients. What are the structural and developmental patterns adapted by this species to expand the stem diameter for efficient supply of below-ground resources? Therefore, our aim was to investigate the secondary growth patterns and structure of secondary xylem and phloem in T. corymbosa.Methods – Several samples of the stem with various diameters were studied using a histological method. Morphological and anatomical analyses were carried out using light microscopy.Key results – With the initiation of secondary growth, stems lose their circular outline rapidly due to unequal deposition of secondary xylem and formation of successive cambia. New successive cambia initiate from parenchymatous cells as small crescent-shaped fragments on asymmetric/opposite sides and result in a different stem conformation. Though several segments of successive cambia are formed, very few stem samples form complete cambium rings. The secondary xylem formed by successive cambia is diffuse porous with indistinct growth rings and is composed of both wide and narrow (fibriform) vessels, tracheids, fibres, axial and ray parenchyma cells. The secondary phloem consists of sieve tube elements, companion cells, axial and ray parenchyma cells. In fully grown plants, cambial action (internal cambium) occurrs between the intraxylary phloem and protoxylem and produces secondary xylem and phloem near the pith region.Conclusion – Structural alterations and unequal deposition of conducting elements, occurrence of intraxylary phloem and flattening of the stem are suggested to facilitate rapid growth of the plants by providing required minerals and nutrients. Internal cambium formed at the periphery of the pith is bidirectional and produces secondary xylem externally and intraxylary phloem internally. Continued development of intraxylary phloem from the internal cambium provides an additional path for rapid and safe translocation of photosynthates.

WOOD AND STEM ANATOMY OF RHABDODENDRACEAE IS CONSISTENT WITH PLACEMENT IN CARYOPHYLLALES SENSU LATO

IAWA Journal ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherwin Carlquist
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Data ◽  
Primitive Character ◽  
Stem Anatomy ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Successive Cambia ◽  
The Family ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypotheses ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Vestured Pits

Qualitative and quantitative data are given for two species of Rhabdodendron. Newly reported for wood of the family are vestured pits in vessels and tracheids, nonbordered perforation plates, abaxial axial parenchyma, and presence of sphaerocrystals. Although treated variously in phylogenetic schemes, Rhabdodendron is placed in an expanded Caryophyllales in recent cladograms based on molecular data. This placement is consistent with features characteristic of most families of the order, such as nonbordered perforation plates and successive cambia. Primitive character states in Rhabdodendron (tracheids, diffuse axial parenchyma, ray type) are shared with Caryophyllales s.l. that branch near the base of the clade: Agdestis, Barbeuia, Simmondsia, and Stegnosperma. Presence of vestured pits in vessels and silica bodies in wood, features not reported elsewhere in Caryophyllales s.l., are shared by Rhabdodendron and Polygonaceae. Wood of Rhabdodendron has no features not found in other Caryophyllales, and is especially similar to genera regarded as closely related to it in recent phylogenetic hypotheses. Successive cambia that are presumably primitive in the clade that includes Rhabdodendron are discussed. Distinctions between sphaerocrystals and druses are offered.

scholarly journals Formation of medullary phloem in Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) Bojer

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kilas K Kapadane ◽  
Ravindra A Shelke ◽  
Amit D Gondaliya ◽  
Kishore S. Rajput
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Sieve Elements ◽  
Successive Cambia ◽  
Primary Growth ◽  
Interxylary Phloem ◽  
Argyreia Nervosa ◽  
Internal Phloem

Histologically, family Convolvulaceae is characterised by the presence of successive cambia, medullary (internal/intraxylary) and interxylary phloem in majority of the species, whereas some of the members are devoid of successive cambia and medullary bundles. The present study on Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) Bojer showed the presence of medullary bundles while internal phloem was absent during the primary growth. As the secondary growth progressed, successive cambia initiated from the pericyclic parenchyma. Development of medullary bundles began along with the regular protoxylem and protophloem while formation of intraxylary phloem was observed only after the initiation of secondary growth. Medullary/intraxylary sieve elements began to develop from the marginal pith cells. In thick stems, small segments of internal cambium initiated between the protoxylem and internal phloem. This internal cambium was functionally unidirectional and produced internal phloem centripetally. Developmental particulars are described in details along with its significance.

scholarly journals Anatomy of vegetative organs in Allionia (Nyctaginaceae), with emphasis on the vascular system

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-394
Author(s):  
Israel L. Cunha Neto ◽  
Juliana P. Silva ◽  
Veronica Angyalossy
Keyword(s):  
Vascular System ◽  
System Development ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Stem Anatomy ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Vegetative Organs ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Kranz Anatomy ◽  
Small Genus ◽  
Cambial Variants

Allionia is a small genus within the tribe Nyctagineae (Nyctaginaceae) which has a controversial, infrageneric delimitation. Here, we investigated the two known species of Allionia in order to characterize the anatomy of leaves, stems and roots, with further notes on vascular system development. Additionally, the present study aimed to broaden our knowledge of stem vascular diversity and to survey for anatomical features with diagnostic value in distinguishing A. choisyi from A. incarnata. Leaf anatomy of other Nyctagineae taxa was also analysed. Anatomical and ontogenetic observations from the vegetative organs in Allionia revealed no diagnostic features to distinguish the two species. We illustrated the occurrence of Kranz anatomy, which in Nyctaginaceae is only known in Allionia, Boerhavia, and Okenia. The stem primary vascular system was unusual in showing a polycyclic eustele (medullary bundles + continuous concentric procambium). Likewise, mature stems and roots show vascular cambial variants (successive cambia) that arise from the pericycle. The anatomy and histochemistry of multicellular glan-dular trichomes observed in aerial organs were presented. Raphids were seen in all organs. Although no strong xerophytic features were observed in Allionia, several characteristics can be associated with their arid habitats. Our findings on the vascular system of Allionia showed the two species to be much the same and reinforced earlier findings that the stem anatomy of Nyctaginaceae is complex and intriguing.

scholarly journals The stem anatomy of the Clematis species (Ranunculaceae) in Taiwan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng-Zehn Yang ◽  
Po-Hao Chen ◽  
Chien-Fan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Restriction Pattern ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Stem Anatomy ◽  
Primary Xylem ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Arc Shape ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Cambial Variants

Abstract Background Studies on the stem anatomical characteristics of Taiwanese species from the Clematis genus (Ranunculaceae) are scarce. This study aimed to investigate and compare the patterns of secondary growth in stems of 22 Clematis species. Results The rhytidome is composed of periderm and non-conducting phloem and formed either cogwheel-like or continuous segment bark. Key features of the genus were stem with an irregular conformation, wedge-like phloem and rays, indentations in the axial parenchyma, ray dilatation, and narrow rays. Approximately eight Clematis species formed bark arc shape, which developed the cogwheel- like rhytidome. There were with approximately 27% of the Clematis species in Taiwan having 12 vascular bundles. The vessels dispersed throughout the stem were semi-ring-porous in most species but were ring-porous in others. No species had diffuse-porous vessels. The vessel restriction pattern was only found in the two shrubs, C. psilandra and C. tsugetorum. The primary xylem ring was located around the pith in C. uncinata var. uncinata, making its pith cavity hexagon in shape. Four species had the pith cavity feature. Narrow rays that occurred in the secondary xylem increased with increasing stem diameter. Conclusions The cambial variants described in this study provide a foundation for further morphological studies of the Clematis genus.

Stem Anatomy and Development of Successive Cambia in the Neotropical Liana Securidaca Rivinifolia (Polygalaceae)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kishore S. Rajput ◽  
Marina B. Fiamengui ◽  
Carmen R. Marcati
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Stem Anatomy ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Successive Cambia ◽  
Bordered Pits ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Diffuse Porous

The pattern of secondary growth and structure of secondary xylem was studied in the stem of the Neotropical liana Securidaca rivinifolia A. St.-Hil. (Polygalaceae). Increase in thickness of the stem was achieved by formation of successive cambia, from which initially two or three successive rings formed complete oval to circular cambia. Thereafter, the successive cambia were always crescent-shaped and never formed a complete cylinder, resulting in dumbbell-shaped cross-sectional outlines of the stems. The first successive cambium originated in the pericyclic parenchyma located outside the crushed protophloem. Prior to the development of cambium, pericyclic parenchyma formed a meristematic band of radially arranged cells. From this band, cells located in the middle of the band became the new ring of cambium. Cells on the inner face of the xylem produced by newly formed cambium differentiated into conjunctive tissue. The first elements to be differentiated from the newly developed cambium were always xylem fibres but differentiation of vessels was also observed occasionally. The xylem was diffuse porous with relatively distinct growth rings and composed of mostly solitary vessels with simple perforation plates, fibres with bordered pits, paratracheal axial parenchyma, and exclusively uniseriate rays.

Hymenachne acutigluma (Steud.) Gilliland in GBS 20:314 - An exceptionally important perennial grass for anatomy and indigenous practice.

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (04) ◽  
pp. 4958
Author(s):  
Dulal De
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Stem Anatomy

Hymenachne acutigluma (Steud.) Gilliland, a robust rhizomatous perennial grass spreads on moist and swampy land and also floating in water. Being a grass species, they do not have any cambium for secondary growth. A peculiarity in stem anatomy especially the spongy pith of secondary tissues found in absence of the cambium. The origin and development of the parenchymatous pith tissues has been investigated in the present study. Economically this spongy pith is of very much potent for its high absorbing and filtering capacity and also used as a good fodder.

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