Anatomy of vegetative organs in Allionia (Nyctaginaceae), with emphasis on the vascular system

Allionia is a small genus within the tribe Nyctagineae (Nyctaginaceae) which has a controversial, infrageneric delimitation. Here, we investigated the two known species of Allionia in order to characterize the anatomy of leaves, stems and roots, with further notes on vascular system development. Additionally, the present study aimed to broaden our knowledge of stem vascular diversity and to survey for anatomical features with diagnostic value in distinguishing A. choisyi from A. incarnata. Leaf anatomy of other Nyctagineae taxa was also analysed. Anatomical and ontogenetic observations from the vegetative organs in Allionia revealed no diagnostic features to distinguish the two species. We illustrated the occurrence of Kranz anatomy, which in Nyctaginaceae is only known in Allionia, Boerhavia, and Okenia. The stem primary vascular system was unusual in showing a polycyclic eustele (medullary bundles + continuous concentric procambium). Likewise, mature stems and roots show vascular cambial variants (successive cambia) that arise from the pericycle. The anatomy and histochemistry of multicellular glan-dular trichomes observed in aerial organs were presented. Raphids were seen in all organs. Although no strong xerophytic features were observed in Allionia, several characteristics can be associated with their arid habitats. Our findings on the vascular system of Allionia showed the two species to be much the same and reinforced earlier findings that the stem anatomy of Nyctaginaceae is complex and intriguing.

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Anatomy of vegetative organs with an emphasis on the secretory structures of two species of Aldama (Asteraceae–Heliantheae)

Botany ◽

10.1139/cjb-2012-0271 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 91 (6) ◽

pp. 335-342 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Tuane Oliveira ◽

Aline Bertolosi Bombo ◽

Beatriz Appezzato-Da-Glória

Keyword(s):

Adventitious Roots ◽

Glandular Trichomes ◽

Diagnostic Value ◽

Aromatic Plants ◽

Secretory Structures ◽

Vegetative Organs ◽

Anatomical Features ◽

Anatomical Analysis ◽

Secretory Cavities ◽

Underground System

Aldama arenaria (Baker) E.E.Schill. & Panero and Aldama robusta (Gardner) E.E.Schill. & Panero are aromatic plants, morphologically very similar and usually confused on the analysis of exsiccates. The present study aimed to identify the secretory structures present in vegetative organs and to survey for anatomical features with diagnostic value between A. arenaria and A. robusta based on an examination of these organs. Aldama arenaria and A. robusta exhibit hydathodes in the dentate ornamentations of the leaf margins and apices in addition to glandular trichomes, secretory cavities and ducts, all of which vary with respect to type and location in each species. Xylopodia and adventitious roots constitute the underground system. The xylopodium is covered by epidermis or by suberised cells resulting from periclinal divisions of parenchyma cells. The tuberisation process of adventitious roots results mainly from hypertrophy and hyperplasia of medullary cells, especially in A. arenaria. Through anatomical analysis, useful features for distinction between A. arenaria and A. robusta in exsiccates and fresh materials were identified, and these features were related mainly to the position and frequency of secretory structures.

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Comparative anatomical and micromorphological study of some Rumex species (Polygonaceae)

Acta Biologica Szegediensis ◽

10.14232/abs.2018.1.45-52 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 62 (1) ◽

pp. 45-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Maryam Keshavarzi ◽

Farzaneh Ebrahimi ◽

Samaneh Mosaferi

Keyword(s):

Cross Sections ◽

Anatomical Study ◽

Diagnostic Value ◽

Perennial Species ◽

Species Relationships ◽

Stem Anatomy ◽

Diagnostic Features ◽

Anatomical Studies ◽

The World ◽

Large Genus

Rumex (Polygonaceae) is a large genus of annual, biennial and perennial species in temperate regions of the world. In Iran it is represented by 23 species and some hybrids classified in three subgenera. The species identification is difficult due to the importance of fruit features in species separation despite the fact, that plants lose their flower and some other features while bearing fruits. Providing the individuals with the proper set of diagnostic features is very difficult. There are inadequate anatomical studies of Rumex. The present study reports the first detailed stem anatomy and epidermis micromorphology of 6 species of Rumex in Iran. Main aims of this study were to find the diagnostic value of the adopted features. Cross sections were made by hand and double colored. Dorsal and ventral leaf epidermises were studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Results of stem anatomical study showed that collateral vascular bundle is only present in R. chalepensis and oxalate calcium druse crystals were only absent in R. elbrusensis. The micro-morphological study of epidermis showed that all species studied had anisocytic stomata type, but there were differences in the epidermis and stomata cell size. Species relationships based on the results have been discussed.

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Linking the Evolution of Development of Stem Vascular System in Nyctaginaceae and Its Correlation to Habit and Species Diversification

10.21203/rs.3.rs-958904/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Israel L. Cunha Neto ◽

Marcelo Rodrigo Pace ◽

Rebeca Hernández-Gutiérrez ◽

Veronica Angyalossy

Keyword(s):

Developmental Stages ◽

Vascular System ◽

A Priori ◽

Secondary Growth ◽

Stem Anatomy ◽

Species Diversification ◽

Successive Cambia ◽

The Family ◽

Interxylary Phloem ◽

Cambial Variants

Abstract Background: The presence of alternative patterns of secondary growth in stems of Nyctaginaceae has been known for a long time. Still, the interpretation of types of cambial variants are controversial. The knowledge on stem anatomical diversity in Nyctaginaceae, which is diverse also in habits, offers the unique opportunity not only to investigate the evolution of complex developments, but also to address how these anatomies shifted within habits and how the acquisition of novel cambial variants and habit transitions impacted the diversification of the family. Methods: We integrated developmental data with a phylogenetic framework to investigate the diversity and evolution of stem anatomy in Nyctaginaceae using phylogenetic comparative methods, reconstructing ancestral states, and examining whether anatomical shifts correspond to species diversification rate shifts in the family. Results: Two types of cambial variants, interxylary phloem and successive cambia, were recorded in Nyctaginaceae, which result from four different ontogenies. These ontogenetic trajectories depart from two distinct primary vascular structures (regular or polycyclic eustele) yet, they contain shared developmental stages which generate stem morphologies with deconstructed boundaries of morphological categories (continuum morphology). Unlike our a priori hypotheses, interxylary phloem is reconstructed as the ancestral character for the family, with three ontogenies characterized as successive cambia evolving in few taxa. Cambial variants are not contingent in habits, and their transitions are independent from species diversification.Conclusions: Our findings suggests that multiple developmental mechanisms, such as heterochrony and heterotopy generate the transitions between interxylary phloem and successive cambia. Intermediate between these two extremes are present in Nyctaginaceae, suggesting a continuum morphology across the family as a generator of anatomical diversity.

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Seed micromorphology of central European Orobanche and Phelipanche (Orobanchaceae) in relation to preferred hosts and systematic implications

Australian Systematic Botany ◽

10.1071/sb15007 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 124 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Renata Piwowarczyk

Keyword(s):

Morphological Characters ◽

Seed Morphology ◽

Diagnostic Features ◽

The Czech Republic ◽

Vegetative Organs ◽

Periclinal Wall ◽

Taxonomic Criterion ◽

Seed Micromorphology ◽

Wall Perforation ◽

Almost All

Holoparasitic genera within family Orobanchaceae are characterised by greatly reduced vegetative organs; therefore, seed micromorphology has proved to be a useful complementary taxonomic criterion. Seeds of 160 samples from 54 localities of 26 taxa of the Orobanche and Phelipanche genera occurring in central Europe, specifically from Poland, the Czech Republic, Austria and Slovakia, supplemented by samples from Spain, France and Ukraine, were investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Thirteen quantitative or qualitative morphological characters of seeds were analysed. The following three types of periclinal wall sculpture of seeds were identified: veined and fibrillar in Phelipanche; with oval or elliptic perforations (pitted) in almost all species of Orobanche; with outer periclinal wall smooth, granular or rugged (very rarely visibly pitted), impeding vision of the inner one, occurring only in O. gracilis Sm. and O. coerulescens Stephan in Willd. The influence of different hosts on the features of seeds of eight species is also presented, as well as relationships between seed morphology and taxonomic classification, including problematic taxa. The best diagnostic features include type of ornamentation of the periclinal wall, perforation diameter (in pitted sculpture), fibrillar diameter (in fibrillar sculpture) and width of anticlinal walls. Size and shape of the seeds and cells and the presence of median troughs are variable; however, these features can be helpful when using larger samples. The usefulness of micromorphological studies on seeds of Orobanche and Phelipanche is demonstrated.

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Diagnostic value of assessment of coronary calcification in dysplastic heart

Practical medicine ◽

10.32000/2072-1757-2021-1-75-77 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 75-77

Author(s):

L. T. Pimenov ◽

◽

V. V. Remnyakov ◽

M. Yu. Smetanin ◽

E. N. Avdeev ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Connective Tissue ◽

System Development ◽

Heart Diseases ◽

Coronary Calcification ◽

Diagnostic Value ◽

Conduction Disorders ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Structural Heart Diseases ◽

Connective Tissue Dysplasia ◽

Functional Features

The problem of heart connective tissue dysplasia syndrome is extremely relevant due to the increased risk of rhythm and conduction disorders, infectious endocarditis, thromboembolism and sudden cardiac death (SCD). Structural heart diseases (SHD) are manifestations of minor anomalies of the cardiovascular system development. Dysplastic heart refers to the combination of constitutional, topographical, anatomical, and functional features of the heart in a patient with connective tissue dysplasia (CTD). The standard for the diagnosis of coronary calcification (CC), one of the known predictors of coronary heart disease (CHD) and complications of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), is multispiral computed tomography (MSCT).

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Structure of the secondary xylem and development of a cambial variant in Serjania mexicana (Sapindaceae)

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-bja10075 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Kishore S. Rajput ◽

Amit D. Gondaliya ◽

Roger Moya

Keyword(s):

Secondary Xylem ◽

Secondary Growth ◽

Stem Anatomy ◽

The Family ◽

Ray Cells ◽

Cambial Variant ◽

Proportional Increase ◽

Plant Families ◽

Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽

Cambial Variants

Abstract The lianas in the family Sapindaceae are known for their unique secondary growth which differs from climbing species in other plant families in terms of their cambial variants. The present study deals with the stem anatomy of self-supporting and lianescent habit, development of phloem wedges, the ontogeny of cambial variants and structure of the secondary xylem in the stems of Serjania mexicana (L.) Willd. Thick stems (15–20 mm) were characterized by the presence of distinct phloem wedges and tangentially wide neo-formed cambial cylinders. As the stem diameter increases, there is a proportional increase in the number of phloem wedges and neo-formed vascular cylinders. The parenchymatous (pericyclic) cells external to phloem wedges that are located on the inner margin of the pericyclic fibres undergo dedifferentiation, become meristematic and form small segments of cambial cylinders. These cambia extend tangentially into wide and large segments of neoformations. Structurally, the secondary xylem and phloem of the neo-formed vascular cylinders remain similar to the derivatives produced by the regular vascular cambium. The secondary xylem is composed of vessels (wide and narrow), fibres, axial and ray parenchyma cells. The occurrence of perforated ray cells is a common feature in both regular and variant xylem.

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Significance of Wood Anatomical Features to the Taxonomy of Five Cola Species

Sustainable Agriculture Research ◽

10.5539/sar.v1n2p21 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 21 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Akinloye A. J. ◽

Illoh H. C. ◽

Olagoke O. A.

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Diagnostic Value ◽

Font Size ◽

Anatomical Features ◽

Xylem Fibre ◽

Cola Nitida ◽

Cola Acuminata

Wood anatomy of five Cola species was investigated to identify and describe anatomical features in search of distinctive characters that could possibly be used in the resolution of their taxonomy. Transverse, tangential and radial longitudinal sections and macerated samples were prepared into microscopic slides. Characteristic similarity and disparity in the tissues arrangement as well as cell inclusions were noted for description and delimitation. All the five Cola species studied had essentially the same anatomical features, but the difficulty posed by the identification of Cola acuminata and Cola nitida when not in fruit could be resolved using anatomical features. Cola acuminata have extensive fibre and numerous crystals relative to Cola nitida, while Cola hispida and Cola millenii are the only species having monohydric crystals. Cola gigantica is the only species that have few xylem fibres while other species have extensive xylem fibre. These features have proved very functional and strongly of diagnostic value in the classification and delimitation of the studied Cola species.

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Anatomía vegetativa de Ctenitis melanosticta (Dryopteridaceae, Pteridophyta)

Botanical Sciences ◽

10.17129/botsci.1740 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 7

Author(s):

Victoria Hernández-Hernández ◽

Teresa Terrazas ◽

Klaus Mehltreter

Keyword(s):

Diagnostic Value ◽

Anatomical Studies ◽

Anatomical Features ◽

Adaxial Epidermis ◽

Parenchyma Cells ◽

Fungal Hyphae ◽

Available Information

The root, rhizome, petiole and blade anatomy of Ctenitis melanosticta was studied and compared with the available information for closely related genera. Root is diarc with sclerenchyma and parenchyma cells in the cortex, with fungal hyphae exclusively in the latter. The occurrence of sclereid nests in the rhizome is shared with Dryopteris and Campyloneurum. A cortical band was present in petiole and lamina, as in Dryopteris and other genera of the most derived ferns. The lamina had unifacial mesophyll and under the adaxial epidermis there were several layers of the fiber, as described for Elaphoglossum and Thelypteris, but differed from Asplenium, Dryopteris, and Polybotrya with collenchyma. The anatomy of C. melanosticta was similar to that of most species studied of Dryopteridaceae, although with some differences. Additional anatomical studies in species of Dryopteridaceae will allow to confirm the diagnostic value of several anatomical features, such as the lack of cortical band in the rhizome, the sclereid nests, the unifacial mesophyll, and the cortical band in the lamina.

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Anatomy of two species of Plumbago : a traditional medicinal plant and its relevance for taxonomy

FLORA AND FAUNA ◽

10.33451/florafauna.v27i2pp197-208 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Smita Chaudhari

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plant ◽

Anatomical Study ◽

Diagnostic Value ◽

Epidermal Cells ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Taxonomic Significance ◽

Anatomical Features ◽

Leaf Petiole ◽

Abundance And Distribution ◽

Shape And Size

Plumbago is a traditional medicinal plant in Ayurveda. The paper presents anatomical study of leaf, petiole, stem and root of two species of Plumbago namely P. zeylanica, P. auriculata and, its relevance in discrimination of these two species. Anatomical features of leaf which are of diagnostic value in delimitation of both taxa are outline of T. S.,shape and size of epidermal cells, presence of sclerenchyma surrounding the vascular bundles, number of tannins cells. Characters of taxonomic significance in petiole anatomy are outline of T. S, presence of trichomes, shape and size of epidermal cells, abundance of collenchyma, arrangement and number of vascular bundles, presence of sclerenchyma surrounding vascular bundles, number of tannin cells. The diagnostically useful anatomical features of stem to discriminate both taxa of Plumbago are degree of elevation of stem ridges, occurrence of double layered epidermis, size of epidermal cells, distinctness of endodermis, abundance and distribution of pericyclicsclerenchyama, number of vascular bundles. Anatomical features of taxonomic significance in root are width of cortex and abundance of starch grains in cortex cells, abundance and distribution of pericyclics clerenchyama, amount of vascularization, distribution, diameter and density of vessels, width of medullary ray.

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Gene Trap, Gene Knockout, Gene Knock-In, and Transgenics in Vascular Development

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0037-1615924 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 82 (08) ◽

pp. 865-869 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Thomas Sato

Keyword(s):

Animal Models ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Vascular System ◽

System Development ◽

Gene Knockout ◽

Vascular Development ◽

Branching Morphogenesis ◽

Abnormal Development ◽

Organ Systems ◽

Almost All

IntroductionThe vascular system is one of the first organ systems to develop in our bodies. Normal development and maturation of the physiological functions of almost all of the other organs are critically dependent on the accurate and tightly controlled establishment of the vascular system. Our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the formation of the vascular system during development is still in its infancy. With further understanding of these mechanisms, we may eventually be able to correct the abnormal development and the malfunctioning of many organs by therapeutically modulating the morphology and/or physiological function of the vascular system.Our further understanding of the vascular development can, in part, be achieved by discovering the molecules that play critical roles in this process. We could also achieve this goal by learning more about the functions of previously identified molecules in the vascular system. Discovery of new processes underlying the development of the vascular system will also contribute to further understanding of these molecular mechanisms.Recent advances, using the whole genome approach, have resulted in a flood of new information. This trend will continue, and fortunately, a number of molecular reagents will become available. Therefore, the field will likely experience an exponential growth in terms of novel biological insights and discovering the mechanisms of vascular system development.Occasionally, reductionistic approaches help to systematically address a number of biological problems, including the problems associated with vascular system development. One such approach is to choose an organism that allows us to systematically address these biological questions. The choice of animal models that are well-suited for the study of a particular question has led to a large number of discoveries. To address questions in vascular system development, current research has focused on animal models, including fish, frog, bird, and mouse, and also studies involving humans. It is also worthwhile to note that the branching morphogenesis of the fly trachea system has been utilized to address fundamental questions of vascular morphogenesis.This chapter will summarize the genomic manipulation of the murine vascular system to address questions regarding vascular development. In addition, the advances that have been made in this field using such methods will be summarized.

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