Evaporation Rates of Chemical Warfare Agents Measured Using 5 CM Wind Tunnels. 2. Munitions Grade Sulfur Mustard From Sand

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol A. Brevett ◽  
Christopher V. Giannaras ◽  
Erin L. Maloney ◽  
Joseph P. Myers ◽  
Robert G. Nickol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Mustard ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Wind Tunnels ◽  
Warfare Agents

Evaporation Rates of Chemical Warfare Agents Measured using 5 cm Wind Tunnels III. Munition-Grade Sulfur Mustard on Concrete

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol A. Brevett ◽  
John J. Pence ◽  
Robert G. Nickol ◽  
Erin L. Maloney ◽  
Joseph P. Myers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Mustard ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Wind Tunnels ◽  
Warfare Agents

Oxidation of Chemical Warfare Agents in Supercritical Water

2011 ◽  
Vol 356-360 ◽  
pp. 2610-2615
Author(s):  
Lian Yuan Wang ◽  
Meng Meng Ma ◽  
Xiao Chun Hu ◽  
Guo Min Zuo ◽  
Hai Yan Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Supercritical Water ◽  
Water Oxidation ◽  
Sulfur Mustard ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Sulfur Oxidation ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Warfare Agents

Oxidation of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) such as Sulfur Oxidation of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) such as Sulfur Mustard (HD) and Soman (GD) and their simulants 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (2-CEES) and dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) in supercritical water were studied by a batch reactor. Results showed that HD, GD and their simulants 2-CEES and DMMP could be effectively destroyed into their corresponding mineral compounds by supercritical water oxidation (SCWO). The mineral ratio was a function of reaction temperature, reaction time and oxidant concentration. But reaction temperature seemed to have more important effect on the mineral ratio than other two factors. Sulfur compounds 2-CEES and HD could easily be mineralized under 475°C and the inorganic products were mainly SO32- and SO42- , while complete oxidation of organic phosphorus reactants GD and DMMP needed a high temperature of >600°C. And under relatively low temperature, DMMP tended to form a white organic phosphorus polymer with P-C and P-O-P bonds. Results also indicated that P-F bond was more easily broken than P-C bond.

scholarly journals Novel analytical approaches to determination of chemical warfare agents and related compounds for verification of nonproliferation of chemical weapons

2017 ◽  
Vol 89 (10) ◽  
pp. 1491-1503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor V. Rybalchenko ◽  
Igor A. Rodin ◽  
Timur M. Baygildiev ◽  
Andrey N. Stavrianidi ◽  
Arcady V. Braun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Sulfur Mustard ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
Mass Spectral ◽  
Fast Screening ◽  
Warfare Agents ◽  
Analytical Approaches

AbstractIn this paper a summary of the author’s approaches for investigation of the mass spectral behavior of some chemical warfare agents (CWAs), their degradation products and metabolites, as well as the results of development of analytical methods for confirmation of nerve and blister agents application are presented. Hydrolysis and oxidation metabolites of nerve agents, sulfur mustard and lewisite were used as biomarkers of the exposure. Sensitive analytical methods have been developed for their detection, based mainly on tandem mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography. Several techniques for fast screening of CWAs degradation products based on capillary electrophoresis were also proposed. Some of developed approaches were successfully applied in the frame of the proficiency testing system of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.

Evaporation Rates of Chemical Warfare Agents Using 5 cm Wind Tunnels, IV. VX From Glass

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol A. Brevett ◽  
Christopher V. Giannaras ◽  
John J. Pence ◽  
Joseph P. Myers ◽  
Robert G. Nickol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Wind Tunnels ◽  
Warfare Agents

Cutaneous challenge with chemical warfare agents in the SKH-1 hairless mouse. (I) Development of a model for screening studies in skin decontamination and protection

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 470-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Dorandeu ◽  
L. Taysse ◽  
I. Boudry ◽  
A. Foquin ◽  
F. Hérodin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Mustard ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Skin Penetration ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Hairless Mouse ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Liquid Form ◽  
Warfare Agents

Exposure to lethal chemical warfare agents (CWAs) is no longer only a military issue due to the terrorist threat. Among the CWAs of concern are the organophosphorus nerve agent O-ethyl-S-(2[di-isopropylamino]ethyl)methyl-phosphonothioate (VX) and the vesicant sulfur mustard (SM). Although efficient means of decontamination are available, most of them lose their efficacy when decontamination is delayed after exposure of the bare skin. Alternatively, CWA skin penetration can be prevented by topical skin protectants. Active research in skin protection and decontamination is thus paramount. In vivo screening of decontaminants or skin protectants is usually time consuming and may be expensive depending on the animal species used. We were thus looking for a suitable, scientifically sound and cost-effective model, which is easy to handle. The euthymic hairless mouse Crl: SKH-1 (hr/hr) BR is widely used in some skin studies and has previously been described to be suitable for some experiments involving SM or SM analogs. To evaluate the response of this species, we studied the consequences of exposing male anaesthetized SKH-1 mice to either liquid VX or to SM, the latter being used in liquid form or as saturated vapours. Long-term effects of SM burn were also evaluated. The model was then used in the companion paper (Taysse et al.1).

scholarly journals Reactive Organic Suspensions Comprising ZnO, TiO2, and Zeolite Nanosized Adsorbents: Evaluation of Decontamination Efficiency on Soman and Sulfur Mustard

Toxics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 334
Author(s):  
Raluca Elena Ginghina ◽  
Adriana Elena Bratu ◽  
Gabriela Toader ◽  
Andreea Elena Moldovan ◽  
Tudor Viorel Tiganescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Mustard ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Toxic Agent ◽  
Toxic Concentration ◽  
Toxic Agents ◽  
Warfare Agents ◽  
Decontamination Solution

This paper comprises an extensive study on the evaluation of decontamination efficiency of three types of reactive organic suspensions (based on nanosized adsorbents) on two real chemical warfare agents: soman (GD) and sulfur mustard (HD). Three types of nanoparticles (ZnO, TiO2, and zeolite) were employed in the decontamination formulations, for enhancing the degradation of the toxic agents. The efficacy of each decontamination solution was investigated by means of GC-MS analysis, considering the initial concentration of toxic agent and the residual toxic concentration, measured at different time intervals, until the completion of the decontamination process. The conversion of the two chemical warfare agents (HD and GD) into their decontamination products was also monitored for 24 h.

scholarly journals Synthesis of macroscopic monolithic metal–organic gels for ultra-fast destruction of chemical warfare agents

RSC Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (36) ◽  
pp. 22125-22130
Author(s):  
Chuan Zhou ◽  
Shouxin Zhang ◽  
Hongjie Pan ◽  
Guang Yang ◽  
Lingyun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Mustard ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Nerve Agent ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Hierarchically Porous ◽  
Warfare Agents ◽  
Metal Organic ◽  
First Time

For the first time, we report hierarchically porous monolithic UiO-66-X xerogels for ultra-fast destruction of chemical warfare agents. The half-lives of the vesicant agent sulfur mustard (HD) and of the nerve agent VX are as short as 14.4 min and 1.5 min, respectively.

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