scholarly journals 169 NURSERY SOIL FUMIGATION TREATMENT, STOLON PRODUCTION, AND SUBSEQUENT GROWTH OF STRAWBERRY PLANTS IN CALIFORNIA

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 453b-453
Author(s):  
Kirk D. Larson
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Mother Plant ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Standard Soil ◽  
Mother Plants ◽  
Phase Out

Replant soil fumigation with mixtures of methyl bromide (MeBr) and chloropicrin (trichloronitromethane) is a standard practice for pest and disease control in fruit crop nurseries in California. The proposed phase-out of MeBr by the year 2001 requires that alternative soil sterilants be studied for nursery use. Therefore, on 5 April, 1993, three preplant soil treatments were applied to new strawberry ground: 1) MeBr/chloropicrin (67:33) at 392 kg/ha: 2) chloropicrin, a possible MeBr substitute. at 140 kg/ha: and 3) nonfumigation. The experimental design was a RCB: there were two plots (each 10′ × 15′) for each of two cultivars (`Chandler' and `Selva') for the 3 soil treatments in each of 3 blocks. Mother plants were planted 26 April, and plots were machine-harvested in October, 1993. All plants from each plot were uniformly graded, after which mean stolon yield per mother plant, mean crown diameters, and crown and root dry wts were determined. Cultivar effects and cultivar × treatment interactions were not observed, so data for the two cultivars were pooled. Stolon production per mother plant was greatest for trt 1 (18.56 stolons), intermediate for trt 2 (15.75 stolons), and least form 3 (7.89 stolons). For trt 3, crown dieters. and crown and root dry wts were reduced relative to those of trts 1 or 2. Stolons from all trts were planted in a fruit production field on 13 October, 1993. After two months, canopy diameters were greatest for plants from trt 1 (27.1 cm), intermediate for plants from trt 2 (26.2 cm) and least for plants from trt 3 (24.9 cm). The results indicate that, compared to standard soil fumigation with MeBr/chloropicrin. small, but significant, reductions in runner production and plant vigor can be expected following nursery soil fumigation with intermediate rates of chloropicrin.

scholarly journals Strawberries at the Crossroads: Management of Soilborne Diseases in California Without Methyl Bromide

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (5) ◽  
pp. 956-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald J. Holmes ◽  
Seyed Mojtaba Mansouripour ◽  
Shashika S. Hewavitharana
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Strawberry Fruit ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Soilborne Diseases ◽  
Strawberry Industry ◽  
Phase Out ◽  
Strawberry Breeding ◽  
The Impact

Strawberry production has historically been affected by soilborne diseases such as Verticillium wilt. This disease was a major limiting factor in strawberry production in California in the 1950s and was the main reason that preplant soil fumigation with methyl bromide (MB) was developed in the late 1950s. MB fumigation was so successful that over 90% of the commercial strawberry fruit production in California utilized this technique. However, MB was subsequently linked to ozone depletion, and its use was phased out in 2005. The California strawberry industry was awarded exemption to the full phase-out until 2016, when all MB use in strawberry fruit production was prohibited. MB use continues in strawberry nurseries under an exemption to prevent spread of nematodes and diseases on planting stock. This review examines the impact of the MB phase-out on the California strawberry industry and evaluates the outlook for the industry in the absence of one of the most effective tools for managing soilborne diseases. New soilborne diseases have emerged, and historically important soilborne diseases have reemerged. Registration of new fumigants has been difficult and replacement of MB with a new and effective alternative is unlikely in the foreseeable future. Thus, crop losses due to soilborne diseases are likely to increase. Host plant resistance to soilborne diseases has become a top priority for strawberry breeding programs, and cultivars are increasingly selected for their resistance to soilborne diseases. The intelligent integration of a variety of management tactics is necessary to sustain strawberry production in California.

scholarly journals Relationship between Trichoderma Soil Populations and Strawberry Fruit Production in Previously Fumigated Soils

HortScience ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 1400-1402 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. de los Santos ◽  
C. Barrau ◽  
C. Blanco ◽  
F. Arroyo ◽  
M. Porras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Soilborne Pathogens ◽  
Fragaria Ananassa ◽  
Strawberry Fruit ◽  
Selective Media

Several preplant soil fumigation treatments were repeated over a period of three years on strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duchesne) crops, at two different places in the province of Huelva (southwestern Spain). The influence of these treatments on Trichoderma soil populations and on populations of soilborne pathogens was examined every year by isolating soil onto selective media. No strawberry pathogens were detected but Trichoderma soil populations increased each year after the treatment. Significant differences were noted between the treatments and also compared to the control. The largest populations were observed after treatments with methyl bromide and chloropicrin, and so resulting in a higher production. Chemical name used: trichloronitromethane (chloropicrin).

scholarly journals Yield and Dry Matter Partitioning of Strawberry Plants Grown with Three Preplant Soil Fumigation Treatments

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 781A-781
Author(s):  
Kirk D. Larson ◽  
Douglas V. Shaw ◽  
Jerry Sterrett
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Metam Sodium

Three preplant soil fumigation treatments were applied to a strawberry fruit production field in Summer 1993: 1) a mixture of 67 methyl bromide: 33 chloropicrin (wt/wt, 392 kg·ha–1) (MBC); 2) chloropicrin (trichloronitromethane, 336 kg·ha–1) followed by metam sodium (935 liters·ha–1) CMS); and 3) nonfumigation (NF). Bare-rooted `Camarosa' strawberry plants were established in each treatment on 1 Nov. in annual hill culture. Plant mortality was <1%; thus, differences in growth and productivity among treatments were due to sublethal effects of competitive soil organisms. Fruit yields were recorded weekly from 14 Jan. to 23 May 1994. For the NF treatment, early season (January–March), late season (April–May), and total yields were 86%, 69%, and 72%, respectively, of those of the MBC treatment. Early season yields were greatest for the MBC treatment, but late and total yields were greatest for the CMS treatment. From Jan. through May 1994, 20 plants were destructively harvested from each treatment at about monthly intervals for determination of leaf (LDW), crown (CDW), and root dry weight (RDW). For a given date, LDW, CDW, and RDW of plants in the MBC and CMS treatments were greater than those of the NF plants. From January to March, plants in the NF treatment allocated a proportionally greater amount of dry matter to roots, and proportionally less dry matter to crowns and leaves than fumigated plants. In April and May, root: shoot ratios were similar for all three treatments. These data demonstrate the marked influence of soil fumigation treatment on yield and dry matter partitioning of strawberry, and suggest that combinations of chloropicrin and metam sodium may be a viable, albeit expensive, alternative to fumigation with methyl bromide.

scholarly journals Strawberry Nursery Soil Fumigation and Runner Plant Production

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirk D. Larson ◽  
Douglas V. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mother Plant ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Strawberry Runner

Three preplant soil fumigation treatments were applied on 5 Apr. 1993 to a nursery site that had not been planted previously to strawberries (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.): 1) a mixture of 67 methyl bromide: 33 chloropicrin (CP) (by weight, 392 kg·ha–1) (MBCP); 2) 140 kg CP/ha; and 3) nonfumigation (NF). On 26 Apr., cold-stored `Chandler' and `Selva' strawberry plants of registered stock were established in each treatment. Soil and root/crown disease symptoms were absent in all treatments during the course of the study. In October, runner plants were machine-harvested and graded to commercial standards. The cultivars produced a similar number of runners per mother plant. Fumigation with MBCP, CP, and NF resulted in 18.56, 15.75, and 7.89 runners per mother plant, respectively. For `Selva', runner root and crown dry weights were similar for the MBCP and CP treatments, but NF resulted in significant reductions compared to the other two treatments. For `Chandler', fumigation with CP resulted in reduced root dry weight, and NF resulted in reduced crown and root dry weights compared to fumigation with MBCP. The results demonstrate the marked decreases in strawberry runner production and runner size that can occur in the absence of preplant soil fumigation, even on new strawberry ground. Also, small, but significant, reductions in runner production and runner size may occur with CP applied at a rate of 140 kg·ha–1 compared to standard fumigation with MBCP. Chemical name used: trichloronitromethane (chloropicrin).

scholarly journals Chemical Alternatives to Methyl Bromide in Spanish Strawberry Nurseries

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. De Cal ◽  
A. Martinez-Treceño ◽  
J. M. Lopez-Aranda ◽  
P. Melgarejo
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Verticillium Wilt ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Dimethyl Disulfide ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Phytophthora Cactorum ◽  
Plastic Films ◽  
Metam Sodium ◽  
Soil Fumigants

Strawberry runners are a high-value cash crop in Spain that requires vigorous transplants free of pathogens. Preplant soil fumigation with methyl bromide, or with mixtures of methyl bromide and chloropicrin, is a standard practice for controlling soilborne diseases. Soil fumigants chloropicrin, 1,3-dichloropropene, dazomet, metam-sodium, metam potassium, and dimethyl disulfide were evaluated in combination with different plastic films as alternatives for methyl bromide soil fumigation of strawberry nurseries. The studies were conducted over a 4-year period, with fumigant applications prior to planting. Verticillium wilt (caused by Verticillium spp.) and crown rot (caused by Phytophthora cactorum) were the main diseases. Chloropicrin, 1,3-dichloropropene, and dazomet compared well with methyl bromide fumigation for control of strawberry nursery diseases. Furthermore, 1,3-dichloropropene and methyl bromide, applied at 50% rate under virtually impermeable film, provided effective disease control in strawberry nurseries. Fumigant effects on fungal soil populations are discussed.

Metam Sodium Combined with Chloropicrin as an Alternative to Methyl Bromide Fumigation for Tomato

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 525b-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.J. Locascio ◽  
D.W. Dickson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Soil Fungi ◽  
Good Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Metam Sodium ◽  
Additional Water ◽  
Phase Out

In past work, dichloropropene + 17% Pic (1,3-D + Pic) at 327 L·ha–1 plus pebulate provided good control of nematode, soil fungi, and nutsedge in mulched tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and is considered the best alternative for methyl bromide (MBr) + chloropicrin (Pic), which is scheduled for phase-out in the United States by Jan. 2001. Metam-sodium did not provide acceptable pest control. In the present study, metam-Na (295 L·ha–1 combined with Pic (168 kg·ha–1) + 4.5 kg·ha–1 pebulate, and 1,3-D + 35% Pic at 168 and 225 L·ha–1 + pebulate were compared to MBr-Pic (98-2% at 345 kg·ha–1 and 67-33% at 505 kg·ha–1). Fumigants were injected into the bed except metam-Na and pebulate were surface-applied and incorporated and drip tubing and mulch were applied. Marketable yields with MBr-Pic, 225 L·ha–1 1,3-D + Pic, and metam-Na + Pic were higher than with the check. Yields with metam-Na alone or with additional water before transplanting were similar to the check. Nutsedge was controlled with MBr-Pic and all treatments with pebulate. Nematode root-gall ratings were high on tomato grown without fumigants (8.9 rating on a scale of 0 to 10 with 0 = no galling), low with MBr-Pic (0.33), and intermediate with all other treatments (2.2 to 5.5) except with 168 L·ha–1 1-3-D + Pic (8.3). This study indicates that metam-Na + Pic + pebulate also is a possible alternative to MBr-Pic for tomato.

Interaction of Meloidogyne hapla and Verticillium dahliae, and the chemical control of wilt in strawberry

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (45) ◽  
pp. 493 ◽  
Author(s):  
JW Meagher ◽  
PT Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Verticillium Dahliae ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Meloidogyne Hapla ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Methyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Severity Of Disease ◽  
Verticillium Dahliae Kleb

In a field experiment with strawberries, pre-plant treatments with broad-spectrum fumigants methyl bromide-chloropicrin (450 kg/ha) or methyl isothiocyanate-dichloropropene (500 l/ha) (and 300 l/ha) controlled wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae Kleb and resulted in increased yields. Soil fumigation with the nematicide ethylene dibromidz (105 l/ha) also improved yields. It controlled the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood), delayed the onset of wilt symptoms and reduced the severity of disease. This indicated a nematode-fungus interaction and is the first report of a Meloidogyne-Verticillium interaction in strawberry.

scholarly journals Yield of gherkin in response to doses of bovine manure

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnaldo Nonato P de Oliveira ◽  
Ademar P de Oliveira ◽  
Francisco de Assis P Leonardo ◽  
Iordam da S Cruz ◽  
Damiana F da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Experimental Plot

Considering the importance of gherkin in Northeastern Brazil, studies focusing on increasing its quality and yield are powerful tools to improve people social and economical condition in this region. The effects of doses of bovine manure were evaluated in gherkin yield in an experiment using cultivar Nordestino, from May to September 2006, at the Federal University of Paraíba, in Areia County, Paraíba State, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks, with five treatments (0; 10; 20; 30, and 40 t ha-1) of bovine manure, in four replications. The working area in each experimental plot corresponded to 80 m², including 20 plants, with 2.0 x 2.0 m spaces. The highest number of fruits per plant (30) was achieved with 32.2 t ha-1 of bovine manure. Both fruit production per plant and fruit yield increased with doses of bovine manure, with maximum values of respectively 1,306 g and 19.5 t ha-1, when 40 t ha-1 of bovine manure were used.

scholarly journals DESEMPENHO DO TOMATEIRO EM SISTEMA DE TUTORAMENTO VERTICAL EM ESPIRAL CONDUZIDO COM UMA OU DUAS HASTES

Nativa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 338
Author(s):  
Juniomar Schmidt ◽  
Caroline Merlo Meneghelli ◽  
Marcelo Rodrigo Krause ◽  
Marcos Vinícius Hell ◽  
Milson Lopes de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Size Class ◽  
Indeterminate Growth ◽  
Driving System ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill ◽  
Net Revenue ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Fruit Diameter

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade agroeconômica do tomateiro em sistema de tutoramento vertical em espiral conduzido com uma ou duas hastes por planta. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 3x2, com quatro repetições, sendo avaliados três métodos de tutoramento: espiral, mexicano e estacas de bambu individuais na vertical e dois sistemas de condução: com uma haste e duas hastes por planta. Avaliou-se a produção de frutos por planta, diâmetro dos frutos, distribuição do número de frutos por classe de tamanho, altura das plantas e de inserção do primeiro cacho e o custo de produção. O método de tutoramento em espiral apresentou produção de frutos por planta semelhante ao método com bambu e superior ao mexicano. Quando as plantas foram conduzidas com uma haste, o diâmetro de frutos obtido no método em espiral foi superior ao método mexicano, entretanto, não diferiu do método com bambu. A receita líquida obtida no método em espiral foi superior à do método mexicano e inferior a do método com bambu. O tutoramento bambu vertical apresenta maior rentabilidade econômica quando comparado aos métodos espiral e mexicano. O tutoramento em espiral pode substituir o tutoramento mexicano, pois apresenta maior rentabilidade, credenciando-se como um novo método de tutoramento para o cultivo de tomate de crescimento indeterminado.Palavras-chave: Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, sistema de condução, crescimento indeterminado. TOMATO PERFORMANCE IN VERTICAL TUNA SYSTEM IN SPIRAL CONDUCTED WITH ONE OR TWO HASTES ABSTRACT:The current study aims to evaluate the agroeconomic viability of the tomato in a spiral vertical steerage system conducted with one or two stems per plant. The experimental design was in a randomized block with a 3x2 factorial, with four replications, and three tutoring methods were evaluated: spiral, Mexican and individual bamboo stakes vertically and two systems of conduction: with oneortwo stems per plant. Fruit production per plant, fruit diameter, number of fruits per size class, height of plants and insertion of the first cluster and the cost of production were evaluated. The spiral tutoring method showed fruit production per plant similar to the method with bamboo and superior to the Mexican one. When the plants were conducted with a stem, the fruit diameter obtained in the spiral method was superior to the Mexican method, however, did not differ from the method with bamboo. The net revenue obtained in the spiral method was higher than the Mexican method and lower than the method with bamboo. The vertical bamboo tufting presents greater economic profitability when compared to the spiral and Mexican methods. The spiral tutoring can replace the Mexican tutoring, since it presents greater profitability, being accredited as a new method of tutoring for the cultivation of undetermined growth tomato.Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, driving system, indeterminate growth.

CRITICAL CHALLENGES FOR THE PHASE-OUT OF METHYL BROMIDE IN THE AUSTRALIAN STRAWBERRY INDUSTRY

2014 ◽  
pp. 367-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.W. Mattner ◽  
M. Milinkovic ◽  
P.R. Merriman ◽  
I.J. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Strawberry Industry ◽  
Phase Out
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document