scholarly journals 446 Long-term Evaluation of Susceptibility of Selected Prairie Species to the Root Lesion Nematode Pratylenchus penetrans

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 521C-521
Author(s):  
A.W. McKeown ◽  
J.W. Potter ◽  
M. Gartshore ◽  
P. Carson
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Schizachyrium Scoparium ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Big Bluestem ◽  
Monarda Fistulosa ◽  
Little Bluestem ◽  
Lesion Nematodes ◽  
Plant Nursery ◽  
Root Lesion Nematodes

Because of the need to find plants that suppress root lesion nematodes for use in rotation or cover-crops, 16 native sand-prairie species were evaluated for host status for 6 years. Plants were grown on a Fox sand soil at a local prairie plant nursery. Soil cores were taken in the spring, summer, and fall and assayed for plant parasitic nematodes. Five species supported very low numbers (less than 100/kg soil) of root lesion nematodes. Brown-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta) had no detectable nematodes for the duration. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans L., Nash) samples produced detectable nematodes on only two sampling dates over the 6 years and were statistically not different from brown-eyed Susan. Butterfly weed (Asclepias tuberosa L.) also had very low detectable nematodes as did sand dropseed [Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray.]. New Jersey tea (Ceanothus americanus L.), little bluestem [Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash], and big bluestem (Andropogon gerardi Vitman) were poor hosts with <200 nematodes/kg soil. Mountain mint (Pycnanthemum virginianum L), wild bergamont (Monarda fistulosa L), horsemint (Monarda punctata L), and dwarf blazing star (Liatris cylindracea L) all had root lesion populations over 3000/kg soil. Horsemint and wild bergamont plants died out, possibly as a result of nematode infestation. Root lesion nematodes have an extremely wide host range in current agronomic and horticultural crops, and weeds and are difficult to manage using nonchemical means. Indiangrass, switchgrass, big bluestem, and little bluestem have all been used agriculturally for pastures and consequently have potential as beneficial long-term rotation crops for nematode management and soil building.

Yield of `Superior' Potatoes following Nematode-suppressive Cover Crops

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 525a-525
Author(s):  
Alan W. McKeown ◽  
J.W. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Lesion Nematodes ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Early Dying ◽  
Root Lesion Nematodes

`Superior', the common early potato in Ontario, has developed early dying and low yield problems along the Lake Erie Counties. A series of experiments were planted in 1993 to 1996 to evaluate nematode-suppressive cover crops as a means of soil management, improving yield of potatoes, and reduction of plant parasitic nematodes. Sorghum NK557 as a nematode host, reported suppressive species Sordan 79, Trudan 8 sorghum-sudan hybrids, Domo and Cutlass mustard, Forge canola, and `Norlee' flax were compared to either Telone IIB or Vorlex-Cp (225 L/ha) fumigants applied with a deep shank applicator to 30 cm. Fertility and pest management practices followed Ontario recommendations. Northern root lesion nematodes, Pratylenchus pentrans Cobb, populations were monitored prior to planting potatoes, during the season, and after harvest. Fumigation resulted in the highest total yields in all 3 years and marketable yield in 1994 and 1995. There was no difference in marketable yield in 1996. Yield was similar among cover crops treatments. Suppressive crops, while useful in soil management, were not as effective as fumigants.

scholarly journals Native Sand-prairie Plants That are Poor Hosts for Pratylenchus penetrans

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 830F-830
Author(s):  
Alan W. McKeown ◽  
John W. Potter ◽  
Mary Gartshore ◽  
Peter Carson
Keyword(s):  
Panicum Virgatum ◽  
Echinacea Purpurea ◽  
Schizachyrium Scoparium ◽  
Pratylenchus Penetrans ◽  
Sorghastrum Nutans ◽  
Switch Grass ◽  
Little Bluestem ◽  
Lesion Nematodes ◽  
Private Collection ◽  
Root Lesion Nematodes

Root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus penetrans Cobb) are well-adapted to sandy soils and have a host range including most agronomic, horticultural, and wild species grown in Ontario. As native climax sand-prairie species have coexisted with the nematode for millennia, resistance or tolerance may have developed. We have screened using the Baermann pan technique, soil samples taken from a private collection of sand-prairie species collected from local prairie remnants. Several species [Liatris cylindracea Michx., Monarda punctata L., Pycnanthemum virginianum L., Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench] proved to be excellent hosts (>500/kg of soil) of root lesion nematode, confirming the presence of this nematode in the soil. Over two seasons, we determined that 10 plant species belonging to the families Asclepiadaceae, Compositae, Graminae, and Leguminosae to support very low numbers of P. penetrans. Brown-eyed susan (Rudbeckia hirta L.) had no root lesion nematodes throughout both seasons, Butterfly weed (Asclepias tuberosa L.) very low counts, while Switch grass (Panicum virgatum L.) and Indian grass [Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash] had detectable root lesion nematodes on only one sampling date each year. Big Bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman), Little Bluestem [Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx) Nash], Sand Dropseed [Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray], Side-oats Grama [Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.)) Torr], Broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus L.), Bush clover [Lespedeza capitata (Michx] also are poor hosts. These species have potential as cover or rotation crops useful for nematode management.

scholarly journals Screening Malus Germplasm for Field Resistance to Apple Replant Disease and Root-lesion Nematodes

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 618f-618
Author(s):  
D.K. Isutsa ◽  
I.A. Merwin ◽  
B.B. Brodie
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Apple Replant Disease ◽  
Replant Disease ◽  
Lesion Nematodes ◽  
Root Necrosis ◽  
Root Lesion Nematodes ◽  
Plant Dry Mass

Apple replant disease (ARD) is a serious problem in fruit production, and none of the major clonal rootstocks are resistant to ARD. We have screened Malus domestica clones and species accessions from the USDA Malus Germplasm Repository at Geneva, N.Y., including M. angustifolia-2375.03 (MA), M. coronaria-2966.01 (MC), M. fusca-3031.01 (MF), M. ioensis-3059.01 (MI), M. sieversii-3530.01 (MS), and M. kirghisorum-3578.01 (MK), for resistance to ARD and root-lesion nematodes (RLN, Pratylenchus spp.), in a composite soil collected from 11 New York orchards with known ARD. Plant dry mass and height, root necrosis, and nematode populations in different apple species and clones were compared after 60 days growth in steam-pasteurized (PS), RLN-inoculated (IS), and naturally infested field (FS) soils with 1200 RLN per 100 cm3. More severe stunting, reduced plant dry mass, and root necrosis occurred in FS seedlings compared with those in PS, but M. angustifolia seedlings were substantially more resistant or tolerant to RLN and ARD than the other species tested. Plant dry mass ranked MK>MS>MA>MI>MF>MC, and these differences were significant at the 5% level. RLN root populations were negatively correlated with plant dry mass, and accounted for about 10% of its variation, with nematode populations in roots ranking MC>MF>MK>MI>MS>MA. Useful resistance to ARD and parasitic nematodes apparently exists within Malus germplasm collections, and can be identified by testing more genotypes, developing rapid resistance screening methods, and comparing RLN host preferences among Malus genotypes and various orchard cover crops.

Host status of green manures for two isolates of Pratylenchus brachyurus in Brazil

Nematology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 799-805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Ferraz ◽  
Luis Motta ◽  
Mário Inomoto ◽  
Kércya de Siqueira ◽  
Andressa Machado
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Mucuna Pruriens ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Tagetes Patula ◽  
Green Manures ◽  
Lesion Nematodes ◽  
Pratylenchus Brachyurus ◽  
Host Status

AbstractDue to the complexity of management of plant-parasitic nematodes in cash crops, the use of non-chemical methods, such as rotation with green manures, has increased in recent years. However, data about the host status of green manures for lesion nematodes are scarce. Thus, two glasshouse trials were carried out to evaluate the host status of some green manures for two isolates of Pratylenchus brachyurus, a root-lesion nematode often found attacking soybean, maize and cotton in Brazil. Green manures tested were pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) cultivars Fava Larga and Iapar 43, Crotalaria juncea, C. spectabilis, C. mucronata, C. breviflora, C. ochroleuca, C. paulina, velvetbean (Mucuna pruriens) cvs Black, Dwarf and Gray. Soybean cv. Pintado and French marigold (Tagetes patula) were included as standard good and poor hosts for P. brachyurus. In a separate glasshouse experiment, a naturally infested soil was used to evaluate the suitability of two green manures to P. brachyurus in comparison with two gramineaceous cover crops. In addition, morphometric studies were carried out with the two isolates of P. brachyurus used in experiments in order to confirm the species. Among the 11 green manures tested, at least two, C. spectabilis and C. breviflora, can be useful as rotation crops to reduce population densities of P. brachyurus, irrespective of the origin of the nematode. By contrast, all velvetbean cultivars and C. juncea must be avoided in infested areas as they are good hosts for the nematode.

scholarly journals Expression of Oryzacystatin I and II in Alfalfa Increases Resistance to the Root-Lesion Nematode

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (7) ◽  
pp. 799-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah A. Samac ◽  
Ann C. Smigocki
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Gus Expression ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Control Line ◽  
Cysteine Proteinases ◽  
Root Lesion Nematode ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Lesion Nematodes ◽  
Lesion Nematode ◽  
Root Lesion Nematodes

Digestive cysteine proteinases have been isolated from plant-parasitic nematodes as well as coleopteran and hemipteran insects. Phytocystatins, inhibitors of cysteine proteinases, are found in a number of plants where they may play a role in defense against pathogens and pests. The cDNAs of the phytocystatins from rice, oryzacystatin I (OC-I) and oryzacystatin II (OC-II), were expressed in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plants under the control of the potato protease inhibitor II (PinII) promoter and the plants were evaluated for resistance to the root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans). A PinII-β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene was introduced into alfalfa to determine the pattern of gene expression from this promoter. Constitutive GUS expression was observed in leaf and root vascular tissue, and in some plants, expression was observed in leaf mesophyll cells. Mechanical wounding of leaves increased GUS expression approximately twofold over 24 h. Inoculation with root-lesion nematodes resulted in localized GUS expression. Populations of root-lesion nematodes in alfalfa roots from one line containing the PinII::OC-I transgene and one line containing the PinII::OC-II transgene were reduced 29 and 32%, respectively, compared with a transgenic control line. These results suggest that oryzacystatins have the potential to confer increased resistance to the root-lesion nematode in alfalfa.

scholarly journals Long-term Evaluation of Cover Crop and Strip Tillage on Tomato Yield, Nematode Populations, and Foliar Diseases

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 511A-511
Author(s):  
Alan W. McKeown ◽  
John W. Potter ◽  
R.F. Cerkauskas ◽  
L. Van Driel
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Meloidogyne Hapla ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Tomato Yield ◽  
Long Term Experiment ◽  
Strip Tillage

A long-term experiment in the same site was planted to evaluate potential yield, nematode, and disease problems with tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in a strip-till system. Treatments consisted of conventional tillage (CT) and strip tillage (ST), rye (Secale cereale L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cover crops and a 2-year rye–tomato rotation. Results of the first 5 years indicate a decrease in tomato yield over time for both tillage treatments and cover crops. Tomato yields were lower following wheat and perennial ryegrass than rye. Strip-tillage reduced yield compared to conventional tillage in only 1 year out of 6. Yield increased overall for treatments in 1992, with highest yield in the rye–tomato rotation. Bacterial speck/spot symptoms on foliage, although minor, were significantly greater in ST than in CT plots during the last 3 years. No major consistent trends in incidence and severity of bacterial and fungal diseases and of disorders of fruit were evident during the 5-year period, and neither fruit yield nor quality were significantly affected by these factors. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood) were numerically less numerous in the rye–tomato rotation than in other treatments; both root-knot and root lesion nematodes [Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb)] tended to be less numerous under CT than under ST. Tomatoes grown under reduced tillage appear more sensitive to plant parasitic nematodes and preceding cover crops than in conventional tillage.

scholarly journals Comparing the efficiency of six common methods for DNA extraction from root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.)

Nematology ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Valeria Orlando ◽  
Simon G. Edwards ◽  
Roy Neilson ◽  
Tom Prior ◽  
David Roberts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Extraction ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Dna Amplification ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Lesion Nematodes ◽  
Root Lesion Nematodes

Summary Robust and accurate identification of root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) is an essential step for determining their potential threat to crop yields and, consequently, development of an efficient agronomic management strategy. It is recognised that DNA-based techniques provide rapid identification of a range of plant-parasitic nematodes including Pratylenchus spp. Efficient and repeatable DNA extraction is central to molecular methodologies. Here, six common DNA extraction protocols were compared to evaluate their efficiency to obtain quality DNA samples for Pratylenchus penetrans. Samples with five and ten individuals of P. penetrans were successfully extracted and amplified by all extraction methods tested, whereas samples with a single nematode presented challenges for DNA amplification. Among all methods tested, the DNA extraction protocol with glass beads proved to be efficient for P. penetrans and all other species tested (P. crenatus, P. neglectus and P. thornei), generating high quality DNA at comparatively low cost and with a rapid sample throughput.

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