scholarly journals Effect of Mulch and Shading on Bell Pepper Production in Alabama

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 559D-559c
Author(s):  
Robert Boozer ◽  
Eric Simonne ◽  
Jim Pitts
Keyword(s):  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Flowering Phase ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Marketable Fruit ◽  
Nighttime Temperatures

In 1999, two studies were conducted using bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Study one evaluated the effect of three different mulch systems and bare soil (BS) on day and night temperatures encountered during the early growth, flowering, and fruit set period. Mulch systems were black plastic (BP), black plastic over white plastic (BOW), and minimum tilled rye (MTR). Study two evaluated the use of a 30% shade fabric on black plastic produced bell pepper. In study one, maximum daytime temperatures during the pre-flowering phase was significantly higher for MTR, 35.9 °C, compared to, 33.3, 32.5, and 32.1 °C for BOW, BP, and BS respectively. During early fruit set and fruit development, MTR was 36.9 °C, compared to 35.6, 34.9, 34.9 °C for BWP, BS, and BP respectively. Minimum nighttime temperatures were not significantly different between treatments. Bloom numbers and fruit set were adversely affected by MRT and were significantly lower than other treatments 23 and 15 days prior to harvest. Marketable weight and number of fruit per plot were significantly lower at harvest for MRT, 2.5 kg compared to 15.7, 14.5, and 11.6 kg for BWP, BP, and BS respectively. In study two, 30% shading 15 days prior to harvest resulted in 40% increase in number, 101 and 72, and weight, 21 and 15 kg, of marketable fruit for shaded area compared to nonshaded area respectively. Numbers of culls per plot, predominately sunburned fruit in non-shaded area, were reduced 72% by shading. The potential for developing systems to improve bell pepper production in Alabama are feasible based on these studies.

scholarly journals Canopy Shade and Soil Mulch Affect Yield and Solar Injury of Bell Pepper

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 258-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Warren Roberts ◽  
Jeffrey A. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Plant Canopy ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
Southern Oklahoma ◽  
Black Plastic

Experiments were conducted from 1989 to 1991 to compare the effectiveness of various cultural techniques in reducing solar injury (SI) and increasing yield of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum var. annuum `California Wonder') in southern Oklahoma. Treatments included black plastic mulch, white plastic mulch, straw mulch, living rye, spunbonded polypropylene used as a plant canopy shade, and bare soil. Marketable yields from plots shaded with spunbonded polypropylene rowcovers were equal to or greater than those from other treatments each year. Two out of 3 years, plots with a black plastic soil mulch had marketable yields lower than those from other treatments. SI was reduced by rowcover shade.

Reproductive Responses of Capsicum annuum to High Temperatures

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 543c-543
Author(s):  
Ami N. Erickson ◽  
Albert H. Markhart
Keyword(s):  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Bud Size ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Constant Growth

Fruit yield reduction due to high temperatures has been widely observed in Solanaceous crops. Our past experiments have demonstrated that Capsicum annuum cultivars Ace and Bell Boy completely fail to produce fruit when grown at constant 33 °C. However, flowers are produced, continually. To determine which stages of flower development are sensitive to high temperatures, pepper buds, ranging in size from 1 mm to anthesis, were exposed to high temperatures for 6 hr, 48 hr, 5 days, or for the duration of the experiment. Fruit set for each bud size was determined. Exposure to high temperatures at anthesis and at the 2-mm size stage for 2 or more days significantly reduced fruit production. To determine whether inhibition of pollination, inhibition of fertilization, and/or injury to the female or male structures prevents fruit production at high temperatures, flowers from pepper cultivars Ace and Bell Boy were grown until flowers on the 8th or 9th node were 11 mm in length. Plants were divided between 25 °C and 33 °C constant growth chambers for 2 to 4 days until anthesis. At anthesis, flowers from both treatments were cross-pollinated in all combination, and crosses were equally divided between 33 or 25 °C growth chambers until fruit set or flowers abscised. All flower crosses resulted in 80% to 100% fruit set when post-pollination temperatures were 25 °C. However, post-pollination temperatures of 33 °C significantly reduced fruit production. Reduced fruit set by flowers exposed to high temperatures during anthesis and pollination is not a result of inviable pollen or ovule, but an inhibition of fertilization or initial fruit development.

scholarly journals 278 A Ratoon Cropping System for Fall Bell Pepper Production

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 439B-439
Author(s):  
Brian A. Kahn ◽  
Daniel I. Leskovar
Keyword(s):  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Bell Peppers ◽  
Marketable Fruit

Studies were conducted to examine the effects of pruning treatments applied to spring-transplanted bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) on marketable fruit yield in late summer and fall. Control plants were set in the field in early May 1997 (Oklahoma) and Apr. 1998 (Oklahoma and Texas) and were harvested weekly into October (Oklahoma) or periodically into December (Texas). In 1997, there were no differences in total marketable fruit weight among four treatments involving height and method of pruning, but all reduced total marketable fruit weight relative to the control. In Oklahoma in 1998, the control was compared to plants mowed on 27 July at an average height of ≈24 cm. Mowed plants produced less total marketable fruit weight but more U.S. Fancy fruit than control plants. Also, control and mowed plants did not differ in weight of U.S. no. 1 fruit. In Texas in 1998, the control was compared to plants mowed on 4 Sept. at a height of ≈20 cm. Mowed plants produced more than double the weight of U.S. no. 1 fruit and fewer cull fruit than control plants. Nonpruned transplants set in the field in Summer 1998 (Oklahoma and Texas) gave low marketable yields. Maintaining spring-transplanted bell peppers is a viable technique for fall pepper production, and the highest total marketable yields may occur if these plants are not mowed. However, mowing offers an opportunity for increased fall production of premium fruit, and mowed plants would be easier to manage than unpruned plants.

scholarly journals Temporal Relationship between Calcium and Fruit Growth and Development in Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 906-913
Author(s):  
Andrés Mayorga-Gómez ◽  
Savithri U. Nambeesan ◽  
Timothy Coolong ◽  
Juan Carlos Díaz-Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Placental Tissue ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Bell Peppers ◽  
Blossom End Rot

Bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) are ranked eighth in value for vegetable production in the United States (USDA-NASS, 2019). Due to the high value of bell peppers, disorders such as blossom-end rot (BER) can cause significant losses in yield by up to 35% for growers. BER is the symptom of a calcium (Ca2+) deficiency that may occur during periods of cell expansion when the supply of Ca2+ may be lower than demand. In this study, we determined the temporal patterns of the fruit Ca2+concentration ([Ca2+]) and accumulation in three separate studies under field and greenhouse conditions. In the three experiments, [Ca2+] during fruit development showed varied patterns: it remained constant, decreased transiently during the cell expansion phase, or displayed a more gradual sustained decrease. However, in the three experiments, fruit Ca2+ accumulation increased during development as fruit size increased. In two experiments, the distal part of the fruit had lower [Ca2+] than the proximal end. However, there was no correlation between [Ca2+] in various fruit sections with BER incidence. Seeds and placental tissue had increased [Ca2+] and several other macro- and micronutrients; this spatial distribution of Ca2+ coupled with subcellular Ca2+ distribution should be explored in future studies. The temporal pattern of Ca2+ accumulation in this study suggests that fruit Ca2+ uptake continues throughout fruit development. Therefore, Ca2+ application during bloom and early fruit development may prevent or minimize Ca2+ deficiency disorders in bell pepper.

scholarly journals A Ratoon Cropping System for Fall Bell Pepper Production

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 897-899
Author(s):  
Brian A. Kahn ◽  
Daniel I. Leskovar
Keyword(s):  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Bell Peppers ◽  
Marketable Fruit

Studies were conducted to examine the effects of pruning treatments applied to spring-transplanted bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) on marketable fruit yield in late summer and fall. Control plants were set in the field in early May 1997 (Oklahoma) and Apr. 1998 (Oklahoma and Texas) and harvested weekly into October (Oklahoma) or periodically into December (Texas). In 1997, all four treatments (involving height and method of pruning) reduced total marketable fruit weight, but differences among treatments were nonsignificant. In Oklahoma in 1998, plants were mowed on 27 July at an average height of ≈24 cm. Mowed plants produced less total marketable fruit weight but more U.S. Fancy fruit than did control plants, while weight of U.S. No. 1 fruit was not affected. In Texas in 1998, plants mowed on 4 Sept. at a height of ≈20 cm produced more than twice the weight of U.S. No. 1 fruit and fewer cull fruit than did control plants. Nonpruned transplants set in the field in Summer 1998 (both Oklahoma and Texas) produced low marketable yields. Maintaining spring-transplanted bell peppers is a viable technique for fall pepper production, and the highest total marketable yields may be obtained if these plants are not mowed. However, mowing offers an opportunity for increased fall production of premium fruit, and mowed plants would be easier to manage than nonpruned plants.

scholarly journals Ripening and Fruit Weight of Eight Strawberry Cultivars Respond to Row Cover Removal Date

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin P.N. Gent
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Direct Relation ◽  
Row Covers ◽  
Marketable Fruit ◽  
Strawberry Cultivars

Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesn.) cultivars differ in response to removal date of row covers when they are used for winter protection and to accelerate fruit development and production. In 1986-87 and 1987-88, eight cultivars were overwintered under either spun-bonded polypropylene row cover or under straw. The straw was removed from control plots in late March. Row covers were removed on four dates beginning in late March and separated by about 2-week intervals. The time of flowering, fruit set, and fruit ripening was advanced in direct relation to the time that row covers remained over plants in spring. The differences in time of fruit ripening were less than those of time of flowering, however. The mid-harvest date was advanced as much as 8 days for `Earlidawn' and `Midway', but only 4 days for `Redchief' and `Scott'. Weight per fruit and percentage of marketable fruit were reduced when plants remained under row cover until mid-May. This effect was most noticeable for `Earlidawn', `Guardian', and `Redchief'. The fruit quality of `Midway' and `Jerseybelle' was not significantly affected by date of row cover removal. These cultivar-specific responses were probably not related to the stage of fruit development when row covers were removed, as both early and late-flowering cultivars were sensitive (and insensitive) to the date of row cover removal.

scholarly journals Biosolids–Yard Trimming Composts Increases Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Yields

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 892F-893
Author(s):  
Nancy E. Roe ◽  
Peter J. Stoffella
Keyword(s):  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Cucumis Sativus ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Cucumis Sativus L ◽  
Capsicum Annuum L ◽  
Pepper Fruit ◽  
Marketable Fruit ◽  
Polyethylene Mulch

Composts may improve crop growth in sandy soils. A biosolids-yard trimming compost (C) was incorporated into sandy soil at 134 t·ha–1 (49.7% moisture) before applying polyethylene mulch. Fertilizer (F) was applied at 0%, 50%, and 100% of the grower's rate (71N–39P–44K t·ha–1 broadcast and 283N–278K t·ha–1 banded in bed centers). `Elisa' pepper transplants were planted 20 Jan. 1994. Marketable fruit weights were 20, 31, and 32 t·ha–1 without C and 30, 35, and 32 t·ha–1 with C for 0%, 50%, and 100% F, respectively. Pepper fruit weights increased with increasing F rates and were higher in plots with C than without C. Without removing mulch, `Thunder' cucumbers were seeded on 26 Sept. 1994. Marketable fruit weights were similar at the three F levels, but were 23 and 27 t·ha–1 without and with C, respectively. One application of C significantly increased bell pepper yields and a subsequent cucumber crop.

scholarly journals Effect of Plastic Mulch, Floating Rowcovers, and Microtunnels on Insect Populations and Yield of Muskmelon

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 677b-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Farias-Larios ◽  
M. Orozco ◽  
S. Guzman ◽  
J. Perez
Keyword(s):  
Bare Soil ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Western Mexico ◽  
National Quality ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
Insect Populations ◽  
Clear Plastic ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Marketable Fruit

This work was conducted for evaluate the influence of clear and black polyethylene mulches, used alone or combined with floating rowcover (FRC) and plastic perforated microtunnels, on insect populations, growth and yield of muskmelon. Treatments evaluated were 1) clear plastic + FRC, 2) polyethylene perforated microtunnel, 3) clear plastic + polyethylene not perforated microtunnel, 4) black plastic + FRC, 5) clear plastic, 6) black polyethylene, 7) clear plastic + oil, and 8) bare soil. Aphids and sweetpotato whitefly adults and nymphs were completely excluded by floating rowcovers while the plots covered. The export and national quality fruit yield was major in the mulched beds in relation to control. Clear polyethylene mulch + FRC increased number of fruit and export marketable fruit of cantaloupe (45.2% and 44.8%) with respect to black plastic + FRC, respectively. It is proposed that, under tropical conditions and under high insect stress, mulches combined with floating rowcovers should be selected for their effects on insects in addition to their effects on melon yield. Polyethylene microtunnels were found not economical for cantaloupe production in western Mexico.

scholarly journals STAND DEFICIENCIES AND REPLANTING EFFECTS ON BELL PEPPER YIELDS

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 732g-733
Author(s):  
Regina P. Bracy
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Pepper Plant ◽  
Plant Stand ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Marketable Fruit ◽  
Pepper Plants ◽  
Visual Observations

Bell pepper plant losses at transplanting may reduce yields. Growers often use subjective visual observations to determine reductions in plant stand but do not have a basis for determining if missing plants should be replaced or how soon. This study was initiated to determine effects of stand deficiencies and replanting on yield and fruit size of pepper during the spring 1992 and 1993. `Jupiter' bell pepper plants were transplanted to the field in late March and spaced 30 cm apart on 1.2-m beds mulched with black plastic. Treatments included a control [0% stand deficient (SD)] and 10, 20, or 30% SD plots that were established at transplanting. Each SD treatment was replanted to a 100% stand two or three weeks after initial transplanting or was not replanted. Yield of extra-large and marketable fruit was not affected by stand deficiencies or replanting in either year. Stand deficiencies up to 30% did not result in reductions in total/early yield or fruit size.

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