scholarly journals Reduction of Early Fruit Abscission by Main-branch-girdling in Macadamia Is Related to the Favorable Status of Carbohydrates and Endogenous Hormones

HortScience ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-47
Author(s):  
Wei Hai Yang ◽  
Chao Zhong Lu ◽  
Wei Chen ◽  
Huan Yu Xu
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
Zeatin Riboside ◽  
Endogenous Hormones ◽  
Fruit Abscission ◽  
Fruit Drop ◽  
Macadamia Integrifolia ◽  
Horticultural Practice ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

Fruit abscission occurring severely in the early fruit development affects macadamia yield. Developing effective methods to improve fruit retention is a priority for macadamia cultivation and production. Girdling is an important horticultural practice that has been widely used to increase fruit yield. Previous studies have shown that girdling fails to increase macadamia yield despite enhancing the early fruit set, but few have examined the effect of girdling on its related physiological mechanism. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of main-branch girdling (MBG) on early fruit retention and also on the levels of carbohydrates and endogenous hormones in the leaves, bearing shoots and fruit of macadamia. Herein, MBG was performed at fruit set using a single-blade knife on 9-year-old macadamia trees (Macadamia integrifolia). Results showed that MBG significantly reduced young fruit drop, concurrent with significant increases in the contents of starch in both the leaves and the bearing shoots and in glucose, fructose, and sucrose levels in the husk and seed. It was suggested that the availability of carbohydrate for fruit retention was improved by MBG. Additionally, MBG increased indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellin (GA3), and zeatin-riboside (ZR, a type of cytokinin) concentrations and decreased abscisic acid (ABA) contents in the husk and the seed, indicating that MBG reduced the early fruit drop by modifying the balance of endogenous hormones. Therefore, a positive interplay between carbohydrates and endogenous hormones induced by MBG was involved in the reduction of early fruit abscission in macadamia.

Control of premature fruit drop in Macadamia integrifolia: effects of naphthalene acetic acid application, cincturing, and shoot-tip removal

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (107) ◽  
pp. 740 ◽  
Author(s):  
RR Williams
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Shoot Tip ◽  
Naphthalene Acetic Acid ◽  
Fruit Drop ◽  
Macadamia Integrifolia

The effects of NAA application, cincturing and shoot-tip removal on the incidence of premature fruit drop were investigated in orchard-grown trees of Macadamia integrifolia cv. Kakea. A single, post-anthesis application of NAA (1 ppm) increased (P < 0.05) the final set of macadamia fruit by 35%. Limb cincturing combined with shoot-tip removal increased (P < 0.05) initial fruit set and possibly final set. Cincturing alone was less effective and shoot-tip removal had no effect alone.

scholarly journals Endogenous hormone causes flower and fruit drop of wax apple (Syzygium samarangense cv. Citra)

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Etik Wukir Tini ◽  
T.A. Dwi Haryanto ◽  
Sakhidin Sakhidin ◽  
Saparso Saparso
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Endogenous Hormones ◽  
Fruit Maturation ◽  
Fruit Drop ◽  
Flower And Fruit Development ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid ◽  
Days After Anthesis

The aim of this study was to obtain information about the content of endogenous hormones that causes flowers and fruit drop of wax apple. The variables observed in the six stages of flower and fruit development that drop easily and retention of indole-­3-­acetic acid (IAA), cytokinin (zeatin and kinetin), gibberellins (GA3), 1­-amino cyclopropane­-1-­carboxylic acid (ACC), total sugar, and starch. Six stages of development of wax apple fruit: (1) Bud Development (initial flowering) 0­-3 days before anthesis. (2) Anthesis (perfect blooming flowers), 0­-7 days after anthesis. (3) Fruit set, 7­-14 days after anthesis. (4) Fruit development, 14-­28 days after anthesis. (5) Fruit Maturation, 28­-35 days after anthesis. (6) Fruit ripening, 35­-50 days after anthesis. The results showed that the content of IAA, zeatin, GA3, and total sugar of flowers and fruit of wax apple at 6 stages that would fall smaller than those of retention and ACC content and starch was higher in flower and fruits that drop easily than retention. The kinetin content in the flower development that drop easily is smaller than the retention but in the fruit development the kinetin content is not significantly different between those that drop easily and retention.

scholarly journals Effects of light and ethylene on endogenous hormones and development of Catasetum fimbriatum (Orchidaceae)

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rogério M. Suzuki ◽  
Gilberto B. Kerbauy
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Zeatin Riboside ◽  
Endogenous Hormones ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Dark Light ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Catasetum Fimbriatum ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

This study attempted to clarify the effects of dark, light and ethylene on plant growth and endogenous levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), cytokinins and abscisic acid in Catasetum fimbriatum. Dark-incubation fully inhibited root and pseudobulb formation as well as leaf growth, but favored shoot elongation. The results of continuous and active growth in dark-incubated shoots (stolons) were induced by strong apical meristem sink activity and by the significantly increased levels of cytokinins in shoots. In fact, shoot length, cytokinin and IAA levels in dark-incubated shoots were about twice as great as for those grown under light conditions. Moreover, the total cytokinin level in shoots of C. fimbriatum under light conditions without ethylene was significantly higher than that found in roots. High levels of cytokinins in dark-grown stolons may be closely related to the absence of roots in C. fimbriatum. Under light conditions, the increased IAA level in shoots is mediated by ethylene. However, ethylene caused a significant increase of cytokinins in roots of light-treated plants, which may be involved in the retardation of root growth. Since the difference of cytokinins in shoots between ethylene-treated and non-treated plants under light conditions is small, it is concluded that the marked inhibition of leaf growth in ethylene-treated plants can be attributed to ethylene. Zeatin and zeatin riboside are the major cytokinins in C. fimbriatum regardless of the light conditions, ethylene treatment or organ types.

Time of pruning affects fruit abscission, stem carbohydrates and yield of macadamia

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa McFadyen ◽  
David Robertson ◽  
Margaret Sedgley ◽  
Paul Kristiansen ◽  
Trevor Olesen
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Carbon Limitation ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Fruit Abscission ◽  
Macadamia Integrifolia ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Stem Water

Macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia Maiden and Betche, M. tetraphylla Johnson and hybrids) orchards in Australia are typically hedged around anthesis (September). Such hedging reduces yields, largely through competition for carbohydrates between early fruit set and the post-pruning vegetative flush, but also through a reduction in photosynthetic capacity caused by the loss of canopy. We examined whether hedging at other times might mitigate yield losses. Hedging time was found to affect yields across four cultivars: ‘A4’, ‘A38’, ‘344’ and ‘816’. Yield losses were lower for trees hedged in November–December than for trees hedged in September. Yields for trees hedged in June were higher than for trees hedged in September in one experiment, but were similar in a second experiment. Yield losses for September and October hedging were similar. Hedging time changed the pattern of fluctuations in stem water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC). WSC declined shortly after hedging in September, October or November, and the declines preceded increases in fruit abscission relative to unpruned control trees. The increase in fruit abscission was less pronounced for the trees hedged in November, consistent with the idea that fruit become less sensitive to carbon limitation as they mature.

Variations in abscisic acid, indole-3-acetic acid and zeatin riboside concentrations in two Mediterranean shrubs subjected to water stress

1996 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Lopez-Carbonell ◽  
L. Alegre ◽  
A. Pastor ◽  
E. Prinsen ◽  
H. van Onckelen
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Zeatin Riboside ◽  
Mediterranean Shrubs ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

Cytokinin-Induced Mitosis in Cultured Explants of Helianthus tuberosus L. Tuber Tissue

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
MV Palmer ◽  
BES Gunning
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Zeatin Riboside ◽  
Helianthus Tuberosus ◽  
Tuber Tissue ◽  
Cytokinin Treatment ◽  
Synchronous Mitosis ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid ◽  
Parenchyma Tissue

Freshly excised explants of H. tuberosus tuber parenchyma tissue were cultured for up to 42 h in aqueous solutions of 0.6 �M indole-3-acetic acid (IAA; 0.6 �M) or one of four different cytokinins (0.4 or 2.0 �M) in the absence of IAA. All phytohormone treatments were effective in inducing partially synchronous mitosis, but mitosis was not observed in control explants cultured in water alone. IAA induced mitosis earlier and in a greater proportion of cells than did any cytokinin treatment. In most cases, cytokinins were more effective at the higher concentration. The relative effectiveness of the different cytokinins appeared to be benzyladenine > zeatin ≥ kinetin > zeatin riboside. Microdensitometric measurements of relative nuclear DNA levels indicated that DNA synthesis had not occurred in control explants, but was induced by both IAA and cytokinins before the mitotic activity that was observed in the later stages of culture. These responses of freshly excised explants were compared to the effect of zeatin on IAA-induced mitosis in prewashed explants, in which zeatin increased the synchrony of IAA-induced mitosis but not the proportion of cells undergoing mitosis.

Identification of abscisic acid glucose ester, indole-3-acetic acid, zeatin and zeatin riboside in receptacles of pear

1982 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1079-1082 ◽  
Author(s):  
George C. Martin ◽  
I.M. Scott ◽  
S.J. Neill ◽  
R. Horgan
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Zeatin Riboside ◽  
Glucose Ester ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

scholarly journals NAA-induced Ethylene and ACC in `Delicious' Spur Tissues: Changes with Temperature and Time

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (5) ◽  
pp. 846-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric A. Currv
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Ethylene Evolution ◽  
Fruit Abscission ◽  
Fruit Drop ◽  
June Drop

These studies with apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) spur tissues were conducted to investigate the mechanism whereby NAA may stimulate fruit abscission in the spring but acts to prevent fruit drop in the fall. NAA-induced ethylene evolution from `Delicious' spurs in vivo was similar to that evolved from excised leaf and fruit tissues that later were treated in the laboratory and incubated in darkness at 20C. The peak in ethylene production occurred 24 hours after treatment at 30C, 48 hours after treatment at 20C, and production was still increasing 72 hours after treatment at 10C. Leaf tissue showed the greatest induction of ethylene from NAA followed by fruit and petiolar tissues. Induction was greatest early in the season and declined steadily until about “June drop.” After this time, none of the tissues showed significant capacity for ethylene induction. Chemical names used: 2-(1 -naphthyl) acetic acid (NAA).

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