scholarly journals Irrigation and Crop Load Interactions in Relation to Apple Yield and Fruit Size Distribution

1997 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Naor ◽  
I. Klein ◽  
I. Doron ◽  
Y. Gal ◽  
Z. Ben-David ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Pan Evaporation ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Evaporation Coefficient ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
Class A ◽  
Class A Pan

The interaction between irrigation and crop load with respect to fruit size distribution was investigated in a `Golden Delicious' apple (Malus domestica Borkh) orchard located in a semi-arid zone. Irrigation levels during the main fruit expansion phase ranged from 0.42 to 1.06 of the Class A pan evaporation coefficient. Crop load was adjusted to 100 to 450 fruit/tree in the 1250 trees/ha orchard by hand thinning. Total yield was not affected by irrigation level up to a crop load of 200 fruit/tree. Yield of all grades >65 mm was affected by irrigation level for higher crop densities. The yield of fruit of diameter <75 mm was not affected by increasing the Class A pan evaporation coefficient above 0.75. Our data indicate that availability of assimilates may limit the size of fruit with potential to grow larger than 70 mm in diameter at all crop loads higher than 200 fruit/tree. This limitation increases with decreasing irrigation level. The volumetric relative growth rate (VRGR) increased with irrigation level and with decreasing crop load. VRGR was more affected by crop load than by irrigation level in the ranges studied.

scholarly journals Yield, Growth, and Mineral Nutrition of Young `Ray Ruby' Grapefruit Trees under Trickle or Flood Irrigation and Various Nitrogen Rates

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dariusz Swietlik
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Nutrition ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Citrus Paradisi ◽  
Pan Evaporation ◽  
Class A ◽  
Size Growth ◽  
Class A Pan

Growth, fruiting, and mineral nutrition of trickle- or flood-irrigated young `Ray Ruby' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) trees on sour orange (C. aurantium L.) rootstock were compared in a 4-year field study. Trickle irrigations (two emitters per tree) were scheduled based on: 1) 0.7 (first 3 years) or 0.5 (4th year) of Class A pan evaporation (TPAN) adjusted to the ground area covered by tree canopies, or 2) tensiometer readings (TTEN) of - 0.02 MPa at 30-cm soil depth. The flood irrigations (FLOOD) were scheduled at 50% available soil water depletion at 30 cm (first 3 years) or 30- and 60-cm soil depth (the 4th year). Nitrogen at NO (none), N1(20, 40, 80, 160 g N/tree per year in the four consecutive years), or N2(twice the amount of NJ was injected into the trickle lines from January to August or, under FLOOD, split into January and May soil applications. TPAN and TTEN trees were irrigated with <10% of the water amount applied to FLOOD trees without negatively affecting tree growth, yield, or fruit size. Growth of the trees was not affected by N fertilization, but fruit count and yield and leaf N concentration were increased by the N1 and N2 treatments in the fourth growing season. Frequent N fertigations under the trickle system provided no benefits over two split-soil broadcast applications under the flood system. Fruit size was reduced by the N2 treatment. Based on the water amounts applied to TTEN trees, irrigation needs under the trickle system were estimated to be 0.75, 0.57, 0.30, and 0.20 of Class A pan evaporation adjusted to the ground area covered by the plant canopies, in the first, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th year of orchard life. The decreasing pan coefficient indicated increasing extraction of water from outside the irrigated zones. Roots of TPAN and TTEN trees grew at least 210 cm past the wetted zones into the row middles. More than half of the roots in the TPAN and TTEN treatments were found at 60- to 230-cm soil depth compared to only 17% in the FLOOD treatment.

DISTRIBUIÇÃO DA EVAPORAÇÃO EM ESTUFA PLÁSTICA NA PRIMAVERA

Irriga ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 120-127
Author(s):  
Reginaldo Ferreira Santos ◽  
Antonio Evaldo Klar
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Pan Evaporation ◽  
Spring Season ◽  
Class A ◽  
Agricultural Sciences ◽  
E Mail ◽  
Center Area ◽  
Class A Pan

DISTRIBUIÇÃO DA EVAPORAÇÃO EM ESTUFA PLÁSTICA NA PRIMAVERA  Reginaldo Ferreira SantosCentro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológica da UNIOESTE- CP 711CEP 858114-110, Cascavel, PR - Fone: 0XX45 2203155.  E-mail: [email protected] Evaldo KlarDepartamento de Engenharia Rural - Faculdade de Ciências Agronômica- UNESP - CEP 18603-970 - Botucatu, SP. CP: 237.  E-mail:  [email protected]  1  RESUMO O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a distribuição da evaporação no interior de uma estufa plástica, com uma cultura de pimentão, através da variabilidade espacial e comparar a evaporação dos microevaporímetros com os valores do Tanque classe "A". O experimento foi conduzido no Campus da Universidade Estadual Paulista - FCA/UNESP, no período de primavera, em estufa plástica de polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD). Na distribuição da evaporação em estufa com orientação norte/sul, verificou-se que as maiores evaporações ocorreram nas extremidades sul e norte tendente ao lado oeste. Já as menores evaporações localizaram-se no centro. No período de primavera, a evaporação média nos microevaporímetros superestimou em 55% a evaporação determinada no Tanque classe "A". UNITERMOS: evaporação, geoestatística, estufa.  SANTOS, R.F, KLAR, A.E.  EVAPORATION DISTRIBUTION INSIDE A PLASTIC TUNNEL IN THE SPRING SEASON  2  ABSTRACT                 The main aim of this study was to verify the evaporation distribution inside a plastic tunnel, with pepper crop, oriented to north/south, through spatial variability and to compare Class A Pan evaporation to punctual evaporations of 40 equidistant microevaporimeters placed from 50cm the soil. The study was carried out at the College of Agricultural Sciences/UNESP, Botucatu – SP in the spring season.  The highest evaporation occurred next to north and to south sides of the tunnel, with tendency to west. Consequently, the lowest evaporations occurred at the center area. The microevaporimeter evaporations were 55% higher than those obtained from Class A Pan. KEYWORDS: evaporation distribution, microevaporimeter.

Interaction Between CPPU and NAA on Fruit Thinning and Fruit Development in Selected Apple Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 513c-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin J. Bukovac ◽  
Jerome Hull ◽  
John C. Neilsen ◽  
Michael Schroeder ◽  
Georg Noga
Keyword(s):  
Total Yield ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Fruit Thinning ◽  
Carpel Development ◽  
Return Bloom

NAA is used extensively for fruit thinning of apples to increase fruit size and to promote return bloom. In some cultivars, even if thinning is achieved, fruit size at harvest may be less than expected based on crop load. CPPU, N-(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl)-N.-phenylurea, has been shown to increase fruit growth in apples, grapes, and kiwi. We evaluated combinations of NAA and CPPU on thinning, fruit growth and return bloom in Redchief `Delicious', `Elstar', and `Gloster'. CPPU was applied at 5 mgμL–1 (based on 0 to 10 mgμL–1 response curve) in combination with 15 mgμL–1 NAA as high-volume sprays at 7 to 10 mm KFD. Yield and fruit size distribution (on total yield) were used as index of response. In `Delicious', CPPU (3-year study) increased % large (70 mm+) fruit, but in the presence of NAA % large fruit was reduced 2 of the 3 years. CPPU did not induce significant thinning. There were no significant effects on color or soluble solids; firmness was increased slightly and seed number reduced. The L/D ratio was increased and uneven lobe and carpel development was common. CPPU had no significant effect on return bloom in presence or absence of NAA, but NAA increased bloom in both the presence and absence of CPPU. With `Elstar' (2-year study) there was no significant thinning with either chemical, but CPPU increased mean fruit size and % large (70–80 mm) fruit over nonthinned, but not significantly greater than NAA alone. There were no significant differences in firmness, color, soluble solids or seed number. NAA + CPPU did not inhibit fruit growth or cause excessive uneven carpel development. Frost damage reduced crop load in `Gloster' where results were similar to `Elstar' except seed number was reduced by the NAA + CPPU combination.

scholarly journals Annual Actual Evapotranspiration Estimation via GIS Models of Three Empirical Methods Employing Remotely Sensed Data for the Peloponnese, Greece, and Comparison with Annual MODIS ET and Pan Evaporation Measurements

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 522
Author(s):  
Stavroula Dimitriadou ◽  
Konstantinos G. Nikolakopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Time Scale ◽  
Gradual Decrease ◽  
Actual Evapotranspiration ◽  
Pan Evaporation ◽  
Empirical Methods ◽  
Remotely Sensed Data ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Class A ◽  
Evapotranspiration Estimation ◽  
Class A Pan

Actual evapotranspiration (ETa) has been insufficiently investigated in Greece. This study aimed to estimate annual ETa by empirical methods (Turc, modified Turc, and Coutagne) for the Peloponnese, Greece, a Mediterranean testbed, between 2016–2019, four of the warmest years since the preindustrial era, and compare them to MODIS ET. Furthermore, measurements of annual pan evaporation (Epan) were performed for two Class A pan stations in the Peloponnese with different reliefs and conditions. The empirical methods and statistical formulae (RMSD, MB, and NMB) were developed as models in ArcMap. The outcomes of the Turc method resembled MODIS ET ranges for all years, followed by those of Coutagne. The estimates by the modified Turc method were almost identical to MODIS ET. Therefore, the modified Turc method can be used as an alternative to MODIS ET (and vice versa) for the Peloponnese for 2016–2019. Moreover, the Epan at Patras University station (semiurban, low elevation) exhibited an upward trend resembling the trends of the empirical methods over the study years, whereas the Epan at Ladonas station (higher elevation, lakeside) required investigation on a monthly time scale. Additionally, the gradual decrease of pan-water icing at Ladonas in December (from 20 d in 2016 to 0 d in 2019) could imply an undergoing decrease in snowpack storage retention across the mountains of the Peloponnese.

scholarly journals Farklı Sulama Düzeyi ve Biyoaktivatör Uygulamalarının ‘Rubygem’ Çilek Çeşidinde Meyve Kalite Özellikleri Üzerine Etkileri

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 1221
Author(s):  
Mehmet Ali Sarıdaş ◽  
Burçak Kapur ◽  
Eser Çeliktopuz ◽  
Sevgi Paydaş Kargı
Keyword(s):  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Crop Canopy ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
Surface Evaporation ◽  
Class A ◽  
Acid Ratio ◽  
Irrigation Levels ◽  
Class A Pan

The effect of irrigation and bio-stimulant (ComCat) applications on fruit quality parameters at the ‘Rubygem’ strawberry variety was investigated. The amounts of irrigation water applied were 0.50, 0.75, 1.00 and 1.25 times of water surface evaporation measured Class A pan placed over the crop canopy and the corresponding regimes were denoted as IR50, IR75, IR100 and IR125. Furthermore, bio-stimulant is applied four times with three weeks interval, approximately two months after planting. Applications of bio-stimulant were not efficient on examined parameters. Decreasing of the irrigation levels were significantly increased TSS and sugar/acid ratio which affects the fruit taste. The highest TSS and sugar/acid ratio was determined at IR50 plot with 9.42% and 21.7 values, respectively. However, fruit weight was significantly decreased except of IR100 plot. Moreover, deficient irrigation (IR50 and IR75) may cause a decrease at fruit weight. Recently, it could be crucial strategy to improve sugar and sugar/acid ratio which were prominent for consumers on the eating quality. Also, improving fruit taste with bio-stimulant application at optimum irrigation level (IR100) without any decreasing of fruit weight was determined.

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