scholarly journals Apple Pollen Tube Growth Rates Are Regulated by Parentage and Environment

2016 ◽  
Vol 141 (6) ◽  
pp. 548-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Candace N. DeLong ◽  
Keith S. Yoder ◽  
Leon Combs ◽  
Richard E. Veilleux ◽  
Gregory M. Peck
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Pollen Tube ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Pollen Tube Growth ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Pollen Tubes ◽  
Tube Growth ◽  
Load Management ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Pollen Tube Growth Rate

A greater understanding of apple (Malus ×domestica) pollen tube growth rates can improve crop load management in commercial orchards. Specifically, applications of caustic bloom-thinning chemicals need to occur when enough, but not too many, flowers have been fertilized to achieve crop load densities that balance yields with marketable fruit sizes. In this study, the pollen tube growth rates of five crabapple (Malus sp.) cultivars were measured in the styles of three maternal cultivars at 12, 18, 24, and 30 °C after 24 hours in a growth chamber. Pollen tube growth rates were greatest for ‘Selkirk’ and ‘Thunderchild’ at 12 °C, and greatest for ‘Indian Summer’, ‘Selkirk’, and ‘Thunderchild’ at 24 °C. Pollen tube growth increased with increasing temperatures until 24 °C. There were minimal pollen tube growth rate increases between 24 and 30 °C. Overall, ‘Snowdrift’ had the slowest pollen tube growth rate of the five evaluated crabapple genotypes. At 24 and 30 °C, ‘Indian Summer’ and ‘Thunderchild’ pollen tubes reached the base of the style most frequently, and ‘Snowdrift’ pollen tubes the least frequently. Pollen tube growth rate was also influenced by the maternal cultivar, with Golden Delicious having relatively faster pollen tube growth than Fuji at 24 and 30 °C. Interactions among paternal and maternal genotypes as well as temperature after pollination reveal complex biological and environmental relationships that can be used to develop more precise crop load management strategies for apple orchards.

scholarly journals Comparison of Chemical Blossom Thinners Using ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Gala’ Pollen Tube Growth Models as Timing Aids

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
pp. 1143-1151
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Kon ◽  
James R. Schupp ◽  
Keith S. Yoder ◽  
Leon D. Combs ◽  
Melanie A. Schupp
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Tube ◽  
Pollen Tube Growth ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Pollen Tubes ◽  
Tube Growth ◽  
Load Management ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Crop Density ◽  
Golden Delicious

Reducing apple crop load during bloom can increase fruit size and promote annual bearing when compared with crop reduction at later timings. In this study, we compared the efficacy of chemical blossom-thinning strategies on ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Gala’ apple trees. Several blossom-thinning treatments were evaluated, including 1) unthinned control (control), 2) hand-thinned (HT) at bloom, 3) liquid lime sulfur + Stylet-Oil (LS + SO), 4) ammonium thiosulfate (ATS), 5) endothall (ET), and 6) naphthaleneacetamide (NAD). Chemical treatments were applied twice during bloom, using a predictive model to determine application timings. Blossom thinner effects on pollen tube growth, fruit set, and yield responses were evaluated. LS + SO and ATS reduced the number of pollen tubes that entered the style for ‘Golden Delicious’ by 75% and 63%, respectively. ET and NAD did not affect the number of pollen tubes that entered the style. In one of 2 years, LS + SO resulted in a near-ideal crop load and increased fruit weight. ATS was effective in reducing initial fruit set in ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Gala’, but did not reduce whole-tree crop density. ET reduced crop load in all experiments but caused excessive spur leaf injury and negatively affected fruit size of ‘Gala’ but not ‘Golden Delicious’. NAD had limited efficacy on ‘Golden Delicious’ at the concentrations and application timings used in this trial. When used as the sole method of crop load management, none of the chemistries evaluated over-thinned or increased fruit injury. However, ET caused excessive thinning when evaluated as part of a commercial crop load management program on ‘Gala’. Of the products evaluated, LS + SO provided the best overall thinning response.

scholarly journals Pollen Viability and Vigor in Hybrid Southern Highbush Blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L. ×spp.)

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 425-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory A. Lang ◽  
E. James Parrie
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Tube ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Pollen Tube Growth ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Pollen Tubes ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Tube Growth ◽  
Multiple Pollen ◽  
Southern Highbush

Pollen from six southern highbush blueberry cultivars derived from Vaccinium corymbosum L. and one or more other species (V. darrowi Camp, V. ashei Reade, and V. angustifolium Aiton) was incubated on nutrient agar to determine tetrad viability, pollen tube growth rates, and incidence of multiple pollen tube germinations. `Avonblue' pollen had a significantly lower tetrad germination percentage than `Georgiagem', `Flordablue', `Sharpblue', `Gulfcoast', or `O'Neal', all of which had >90% viable tetrads. The in vitro growth rate of `O'Neal' pollen tubes was significantly higher than the growth rates of `Sharpblue' and `Georgiagem pollen tubes. Of those tetrads that were viable, more than two pollen tubes germinated from 83% and 91% of the `Gulfcoast' and `Sharpblue' tetrads, respectively, while only 11% of the `Flordablue' tetrads produced more than two pollen tubes. The total number of pollen tubes germinated per 100 tetrads ranged from 157 (`Flordablue') to 324 (`Sharpblue'), resulting in actual pollen grain viabilities ranging from 39% to 81%. Genetic differences in pollen vigor, as indicated by pollen viability, pollen tube growth rates, and multiple pollen tube germinations, may influence blueberry growers' success in optimizing the beneficial effects of cross-pollination on fruit development.

scholarly journals Effects of Temperature and the Combination of Liquid Lime Sulfur and Fish Oil on Pollen Germination, Pollen Tube Growth, and Fruit Set in Apples

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 1277-1283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Yoder ◽  
Rongcai Yuan ◽  
Leon Combs ◽  
Ross Byers ◽  
Jim McFerson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Tube ◽  
Pollen Tube Growth ◽  
Pollen Germination ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Pollen Tubes ◽  
Tube Growth ◽  
Pollen Tube Growth Rate ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Effects of temperature and the combination of liquid lime sulfur (LLS) and fish oil (FO) applied during bloom on pollen germination and pollen tube growth in flowers and fruit set were examined in apples (Malus ×domestica Borkh.). Percent germination of pollen of ‘Manchurian’ crabapples and ‘Golden Delicious’ apple flowers on the stigmatic surface of ‘Golden Delicious’ pistils increased with increasing temperature from 13 to 29 °C in the first 24 and 48 h after pollination, respectively, but not thereafter. Pollen tube growth rate in the style increased quadratically with increasing temperature from 13 to 29 °C. ‘Manchurian’ was a more effective pollenizer of ‘Golden Delicious’ than was ‘Golden Delicious’ pollen. For example, at 24 or 29 °C, some ‘Manchurian’ pollen tubes grew to the base of ‘Golden Delicious’ styles by 24 h after pollination. On the other hand, no ‘Golden Delicious’ pollen tube grew to the base of a ‘Golden Delicious’ style regardless of temperature and time. Pollen tube growth rate in the style increased with increasing day/night temperature from 7/0 to 24/7 °C. The time required for pollen tubes to grow to the base of styles decreased with increasing day/night temperature from 13/2 to 24/7 °C. Only ≈36 h was required for pollen tubes to grow to the base of style at 24/7 °C, whereas pollen tubes grew very slowly and no pollen tubes grew to the base of style at 7/0 °C regardless of pollen source. LLS + FO, applied 4 or 24 h after pollination, inhibited pollen germination, pollen tube growth in the style, fertilization, and fruit set, but it had no effect when applied 48 h after pollination. These results suggest that LLS + FO applied at this bloom stage causes flower or fruit abscission most likely by inhibiting pollen germination, pollen tube growth in the style, and fertilization.

scholarly journals Assessment of self-(in) compatibility in some sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) genotypes

Genetika ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 939-952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanja Radicevic ◽  
Sladjana Maric ◽  
Radosav Cerovic ◽  
Milena Djordjevic
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Pollen Tube ◽  
Pollen Tube Growth ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Pollen Tubes ◽  
Pollen Tube Growth Rate ◽  
Prunus Avium L

The paper presents results of a three-year study of self-(in)compatibility in four economically important sweet cherry genotypes - ?Karina?, ?Kordia?, ?Regina? and ?Summit?, under agro-environmental conditions of Western Serbia. Determination of S-RNase genotype, microscopic observation of the pollen tube growth rate and assaying of the fruit set level after self-pollination were used to assess the genotypes. ?Kordia? (S3S6), ?Regina? (S1S3) and ?Summit? (S1S2) are self-incompatible genotypes, with a considerable number of pollen tubes ending the growth in the middle third of the style and lack of fruit set. ?Karina?, as S3S4 genotype, behaved as self-compatible, since its pollen tubes reached the base of the style and ovary, penetrating the nucellus. In addition, fruit set for ?Karina? was recorded in all three years of study (40.26%, 18.79% and 21.81%, respectively).

scholarly journals Self-incompatibility in Cornus florida

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra M. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Pollen Tube ◽  
Pollen Tube Growth ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Pollen Tubes ◽  
Cornus Florida ◽  
Self Incompatibility ◽  
Flowering Dogwood ◽  
Pollen Tube Growth Rate ◽  
Upper Third

Low seed set has been reported following self-pollinations of flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.). The objective of this study was to verify the presence of self-incompatibility in C. florida. `Cherokee Princess' stigmas and styles were collected 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after cross- and self-pollinations, stained with aniline blue and observed using a fluorescence microscope. Pollen germinated freely following self-pollinations, but self-pollen tubes grew slower than those resulting from cross-pollinations. By 48 hours after cross-pollination, pollen tubes had reached the bottom of the style while pollen tubes in self-pollinated flowers had only penetrated the upper third of the style. Evidence of reduced pollen tube growth rate in self-pollinations of `Cherokee Chief' and `Cherokee Brave' was also obtained. This study provides evidence of a gametophytic self-incompatibity system in C. florida. It was also determined that stigmas of C. florida `Cherokee Princess' are receptive to pollen from 1 day prior to anthesis to 1 day after anthesis.

Drought limits pollen tube growth rate by altering carbohydrate metabolism in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) pistils

Plant Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 286 ◽  
pp. 108-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Hu ◽  
Yu Liu ◽  
Dimitra A. Loka ◽  
Rizwan Zahoor ◽  
Shanshan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Pollen Tube ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Pollen Tube Growth ◽  
Tube Growth ◽  
Pollen Tube Growth Rate

scholarly journals Pollen-tube growth rate and seed-siring success amongBetula pendulaclones

1999 ◽  
Vol 143 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. PASONEN ◽  
P. PULKKINEN ◽  
M. KÄPYLÄ ◽  
A. BLOM
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Pollen Tube ◽  
Pollen Tube Growth ◽  
Tube Growth ◽  
Pollen Tube Growth Rate ◽  
Siring Success

scholarly journals For things to stay the same, things must change: polyploidy and pollen tube growth rates

2020 ◽  
Vol 125 (6) ◽  
pp. 925-935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph H Williams ◽  
Paulo E Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Pollen Tube ◽  
Pollen Tube Growth ◽  
Tube Growth ◽  
Volumetric Growth ◽  
Dna Amount ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Wall Area ◽  
Genome Reorganization ◽  
Pollen Tube Growth Rate

Abstract Background and Aims Pollen tube growth rate (PTGR) is an important single-cell performance trait that may evolve rapidly under haploid selection. Angiosperms have experienced repeated cycles of polyploidy (whole genome duplication), and polyploidy has cell-level phenotypic consequences arising from increased bulk DNA amount and numbers of genes and their interactions. We sought to understand potential effects of polyploidy on several underlying determinants of PTGR – pollen tube dimensions and construction rates – by comparing diploid–polyploid near-relatives in Betula (Betulaceae) and Handroanthus (Bignoniaceae). Methods We performed intraspecific, outcrossed hand-pollinations on pairs of flowers. In one flower, PTGR was calculated from the longest pollen tube per time of tube elongation. In the other, styles were embedded in glycol methacrylate, serial-sectioned in transverse orientation, stained and viewed at 1000× to measure tube wall thicknesses (W) and circumferences (C). Volumetric growth rate (VGR) and wall production rate (WPR) were then calculated for each tube by multiplying cross-sectional tube area (πr2) or wall area (W × C), by the mean PTGR of each maternal replicate respectively. Key Results In Betula and Handroanthus, the hexaploid species had significantly wider pollen tubes (13 and 25 %, respectively) and significantly higher WPRs (22 and 18 %, respectively) than their diploid congeners. PTGRs were not significantly different in both pairs, even though wider polyploid tubes were predicted to decrease PTGRs by 16 and 20 %, respectively. Conclusions The larger tube sizes of polyploids imposed a substantial materials cost on PTGR, but polyploids also exhibited higher VGRs and WPRs, probably reflecting the evolution of increased metabolic activity. Recurrent cycles of polyploidy followed by genome reorganization may have been important for the evolution of fast PTGRs in angiosperms, involving a complex interplay between correlated changes in ploidy level, genome size, cell size and pollen tube energetics.

Interspecific pollen–pistil incongruity in Salix

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 1161-1168 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mosseler
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
North America ◽  
Pollen Tube ◽  
Pollen Tube Growth ◽  
Tube Growth ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Pollen Tube Growth Rate ◽  
Pollen Tube Penetration ◽  
Foreign Species ◽  
Salix Spp

Pollination barriers that restrict hybridization between six Salix spp. (S. amygdaloides Anderss., S. exigua Nutt., and S.lucida Muhl., of subgenus Salix, and S. discolor Muhl., S. eriocephala Michx., and S. petiolaris Smith of subgenus Vetrix) and that are sympatric over much of their ranges in central North America were investigated through artificial cross pollination. Foreign species' pollen generally adhered to and germinated on the stigma. Pollen–pistil incongruity was most often expressed as reduced pollen tube growth rate, but the degree of incongruity was highly variable within and between different species combinations. Morphological abnormalities such as swollen, coiled, and undirected pollen tube growth were observed in some crosses but were not common. The stigma of S. eriocephala Michx. exhibited a particularly strong and characteristic inhibition of all foreign species' pollen tube growth. Despite the presence of some form of pollen–pistil incongruity in most interspecific crosses, pollen tube penetration of the ovule micropyle (fertilization) was successful in several species combinations.

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