The Historical Legacy of the First Pegu Dynasty

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Aung-Thwin
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Theravada Buddhism ◽  
Historical Legacy ◽  
Language And Literature ◽  
Ideas And Institutions

This chapter focuses on the tangible as well as intangible legacies of the First Pegu Kingdom. It asks whether or not Pegu’s history produced individuals, events, ideas, and institutions that were longer-lasting than themselves, with consequences for the country as a whole, particularly the state. It asks how these legacies affected the country’s subsequent history and one’s understanding (and misunderstanding) of it. The answers show a mixed picture: while the kingdom of Pegu contributed little to the art, language, and literature of Myanmar, especially compared to Pagan and Ava, it did leave a lasting legacy in terms of: a reformed Theravada Buddhism, the idea of a legitimate maritime capital, a woman sovereign, and a contentious historiography.

L'ethnie: les vicissitudes d'un concept

1997 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luc de Heusch
Keyword(s):  
Collective Identity ◽  
Social Space ◽  
The State ◽  
Nation State ◽  
African History ◽  
Cultural Entities ◽  
Ideas And Institutions

In spite of recent criticisms the concept of ethnicity should be retained in anthropological analysis to designate more or less coherent cultural entities. These entities will be fluctuating, of course, due to their position in a larger social space where women, goods, ideas, and institutions are exchanged. Ethnicity is not, as some have argued, a colonial invention, but an incontestable anthropological fact, where identity is nurtured by otherness. Ethnicity does not of itself have a political vocation: traditional African states were more often than notpluri-ethnic. The ‘national’ phenomenon, the convergence of the State and ethnicity, is rare in pre-colonial African history. The nation-state is a modern phenomenon, the product of a more or less arbitrary manipulation by an elite having a certain number of ethnic traits; a political re-modelling of collective identity.

On the Reform, Measures and Evolution of the Journalism System in Late Soviet Union

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-414
Author(s):  
Zhang Juxi ◽  
Wang Wenjuan
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Social Background ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
The Political ◽  
Literature Analysis ◽  
Historical Legacy ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Expansion Stage

Abstract Using a combination of literature analysis and historical literature comparison methods, the study analyzes the international and domestic social background of Glasnost and journalism reform, reviews and studies Gorbachev’s objectives, measures and development process of carrying out journalism reform. Journalism reform is a part of Glasnost and also a method demand of other reforms within socialism. The implementation of the reform of the journalism has taken a variety of measures, and has gone through three historical stages: impediment stage, expansion stage and development of liberalization stage. The results show that the failure of journalism reform and the disintegration of the state are caused by the political and economic situation in the Soviet Union and the historical legacy problems. However, a series of improper measures carried out by the journalism reform undoubtedly accelerated the disintegration of the Soviet Union.

Fragmentation, Disintegration, and Resurgence: Assessing the Islamist Field in Yemen

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-34
Author(s):  
Stacey Philbrick Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
The State ◽  
Analytic Approach ◽  
Partial Transformation ◽  
Political Field ◽  
Welfare Institutions ◽  
Transnational Engagement ◽  
Ideas And Institutions

The well-developed literature on Islamist politics has tended to focus on partisan and welfare institutions within the context of existing states. Civil war raises important questions about whether and how the relevance of such institutions changes when the state itself fragments. This article seeks to understand Islamism in Yemen as a kind of post-organizational political field. At a theoretical scale, Yemen’s civil war and the transformation of the country’s Islamist politics offers lessons about the fixity of categorical distinctions within and across forms of Islamist activity. This article works to map dynamics of fragmentation within pre-war Islamist organizations, the disintegration of authority among Islamist leaders in the context of war, and the effect of each of these processes on the resurgence and partial transformation of particular Islamist claims. The field, as an analytic approach less firmly tied to the state itself, allows for a consideration of Islamist politics as articulated locally but shaped as well by transnational engagement with ideas and institutions.

The Dutch Miracle, Modified. Hugo Grotius's Mare Liberum, Commercial Governance and Imperial War in the Early-Seventeenth Century

Grotiana ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-130
Author(s):  
Erik Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Conditions ◽  
Ideas And Institutions

AbstractThis paper examines the reception of Dutch commercial ideas and institutions in continental Europe during the first half of the seventeenth century. Using printed and archival sources from France, Sweden and Denmark, it argues that it is more useful to examine how statesmen and thinkers adapted Dutch material to different local circumstances and changing political conditions than to search for a mercantilist approach to political economy. Dutch arguments were particularly important, because they focused attentions upon the just and expedient relations between sovereignty and commerce. Replacing Hugo Grotius's Mare liberum in the contexts of the broader debate about the governance of commerce and of the politics of the Thirty Years War allows us to recover part of its further significance, for its polemical clarity allowed statesmen and scholars to refine more sharply their notion of commerce's relation to the state.

scholarly journals Pagodas and Prophets: Contesting Sacred Space and Power among Buddhist Karen in Karen State

2011 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 1083-1105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoko Hayami
Keyword(s):  
Sacred Space ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Religious Practices ◽  
Theravada Buddhism ◽  
Political Dynamics ◽  
Hybrid Nature ◽  
The One ◽  
Alternative Understanding

This paper analyzes multi-layered religious practices among local Buddhist Karen on the plains of Karen State in Burma, within the context of the larger socio-political dynamics of Burmese Buddhism. The purpose is threefold: first, to give ethnographic details of the hybrid nature of religious practices among Buddhist Pwo Karen, thereby demonstrating how sacred space and power are contested, despite the strong hand of the state; second, to challenge the assumed equation between non-Buddhist minorities on the one hand, and Buddhists as a lowland majority aligned to the state on the other; and third, to raise an alternative understanding to predominantly state-centered perspectives on Theravada Buddhism. Field-based observations on the young charismatic Phu Taki and his community, as well as on the practice of pagoda worship called Duwae that has hitherto been undocumented are presented. These are examined in relation to the changing religious policies of the regime, especially since the policies of “Myanmafication” of Buddhism by the reformist council began in 1980.

scholarly journals DIDACTIC PARAMETER OF LANGUAGE LITERACY IN THE BULGARIAN SECONDARY SCHOOL

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 558-561
Author(s):  
Tanya Borisova
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
The State ◽  
Reading Literacy ◽  
External Assessment ◽  
Language And Literature ◽  
Twelfth Grade ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Longitudinal Method ◽  
Language Literacy

This article summarizes the main conclusions about the state of reading literacy of students in the same class in a Bulgarian school and the correspondence between the international criteria for establishing reading literacy of the students. A study, based on the longitudinal method, outlining the didactic parameters of reading literacy in the Bulgarian school was conducted. Emphasis is placed on the needed changes regarding overcoming the problems in the education in reading literacy of Bulgarian students, its limits and variety in its improvement; the correlations which exist between the results of the national external assessment (NEA) of the students in the subject of Bulgarian language and literature of the fourth, seventh and twelfth grade.

Subjects, Selves, and the Politics of Personhood in Theravada Buddhism in Nepal

2002 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 833-860 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren G. Leve
Keyword(s):  
Collective Identity ◽  
The State ◽  
Theravada Buddhism ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Legal Identity ◽  
Secular State

On june 30, 1990, between twenty-five and thirty thousand people took to the streets of downtown Kathmandu to protest the possibility that a new constitution, then being drafted, might reassert Nepal's official legal identity as a Hindu kingdom. Carrying banners and chanting slogans, they demanded the country's redefinition as a secular state. The march was arguably the largest demonstration in modern Nepali history, with protestors representing a range of religious, ethnic, political, and cultural groups. Even more significant, the marchers explicitly rejected the longstanding alliance between religion and the state in Nepal by challenging the interpolation of Brahmanical Hinduism into the country's political and civil institutions, and its centrality to Nepali nationalism as a collective identity.

scholarly journals METHODS OF DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNICATIVE AND LINGUISTIC COMPETENCIES IN THE FORMATION OF LINGUISTIC PERSONA OF A PHILOLOGIST

2021 ◽  
pp. 56-64
Author(s):  
Sarbinaz Hamitovna Kylyshpayeva ◽  
Aigul Tynybekovna Onalbayeva
Keyword(s):  
Education Reform ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Communicative Competence ◽  
Higher Education Reform ◽  
The State ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Language And Literature ◽  
Pedagogical Research ◽  
Linguistic Units ◽  
Structural Levels

The state and development of modern civilization require native speakers to have a perfect command of the basics of linguistic units of various structural levels, as well as all the means of language and the features of their implementation in the process of communication. Based on the analysis of scientific literature, the tasks of the study were to find out the concept of «communicative competence», to outline its impact on the training of future teachers of language and literature, to determine the state of the problem under study. The methodological basis of the research is the theoretical foundations of higher education reform. In scientific research, various methods of pedagogical research are used: a meaningful analysis of scientific and theoretical concepts; the study of works on current problems of education; analysis, synthesis and generalization of psychological, pedagogical, linguistic and methodological literature; observations, generalization of advanced pedagogical experience to study the state of development of the problem of forming the communicative competence of philologists.

scholarly journals An Idea of Higher Education Renewal

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 287-306
Author(s):  
Marija Liudvika Drazdauskiene
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Liberal Arts ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
The State ◽  
Classical Antiquity ◽  
Language And Literature ◽  
Education Today ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Local Traditions

Beginning with the briefest reference to the state of higher education today, this paper overviews moral and philosophical concepts of and disposition to education in ancient Greece from the works of Plato and Aristotle, takes a summary view of the subjects taught, sums up the subject content of liberal arts and the principles of rhetoric. The author assumes that even if a dedicated return to the classical ideals may never happen in higher education today, a few concrete ideas might be helpful. With reference to concrete works of classical authors, a suggestion is made to stop never-ending reforms in universities, to recover the teaching of such subjects as style in language and literature programmes, to renew the subjects of history, philosophy and logic and to introduce memory-based learning while paying tribute to classical antiquity and regaining local traditions.

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