Creencia y pertenencia: El laberinto de las sociedades posotomanas

Post-colonial coagulation is the dilemma of many societies in endless formation due to the aftermath of colonialism and the dominance of coloniality, and even more so when this aftermath has been converted into a never-ending labyrinth for political-Islamic anthropology, particularly in the Arab case. The present study primarily aims to analyze the emergence of Abrahamic religions among Arab tribes and their role in supplanting the canon of identity and belonging, forming a universal standard for legal identity substantially different from the European one, and overturning the ancient tribal concept. The study then shifts to analyz-ing the formation of Islamic ideology as positive law by means of an empirical parallelism with Roman law, thus introducing the Latin concept of interpolare. We therefore arrive at the conclusion of how foreign-colonial interference played the main role in diluting the identity canon and that of belonging, creating a false identity, shaped to conform to colonial compromises, wrapping religious epistemology in a forced normative system to have caused schizophrenia and cognitive resistance to power and normative disobe-dience, even prompting schizophrenia and an aversion to reality.

Rule of Law and Media in the Making of Legal Identity in Urban Southern China

As the People’s Republic of China expands its reach into all corners of the globe, the rule of law in China has been subjected to unprecedented critical scrutiny, especially after protests against Hong Kong’s extradition bill broke out in the summer of 2019 and the national security law was introduced in the following year. Under present conditions, in which suspicion of China is widespread among outside observers, what questions can we ask to gain a productive understanding of China’s laws? With this broad question in mind, this chapter turns to a group of tenants facing a large-scale urban redevelopment project—i.e. evictions and demolition—in the prosperous metropolis of Shenzhen, China. In tracing the online and offline conversations of tenants making demands (suqiu) to resolve the problem of schooling for their children, it examines how law-invoking communication and ideas about law circulate and shape aggrieved tenants’ legal identities and fields of action.

Female Family-Head Resilience in Building Family Food Security in New Normal Adaptation of Covid-19 Pandemic

The problem in this research is that women access of providing food is limited due to Covid-19 pandemic, insufficient skills and education as well as poverty. The aim is to describe and analyze the capacity of poor women as family head in strengthening food security in the new normal period. The focus of this research is the family head of poor women in the city of Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia. The results showed that the resilience of poor women's household heads was hindered by the legal identity they did not have after divorcing from their husbands. A legal identity will provide a foundation for women to access closed opportunities, because poor women do not understand legal identity is a prerequisite for accessing assistance in poverty alleviation programs. Fortunately, these poor women head of households have excellent resilience to maintain food security for their families. Their resilience is currently heavier than the monetary crisis in 1989-1999, because at this time they have to compete with others who are more knowledgeable in information technology. As the recommendations, the results of this study are aimed at the city government of Surakarta to develop a different affirmative strategy to strengthen family food security, especially for poor female household heads.

8. Corporate and vicarious liability

This chapter focuses on the potential criminal liability of organizations, particularly corporations. Corporations have a separate legal identity and are treated in law as having a legal personality distinct from the people who make up the corporation. Therefore, in theory at least, criminal liability may be imposed on the corporation separately from any liability imposed on the individual members. There are currently six ways in which a corporation or its directors may be prosecuted: personal liability of corporate directors, etc; strict liability offences; statutory offences imposing duties on corporations; vicarious liability; the identification doctrine; and statutory liability of corporate officers. The chapter also discusses the limits of corporate liability, the distinction between vicarious liability and personal duty, the application of vicarious liability, the delegation principle and the ‘attributed act’ principle. The chapter examines the failure to prevent offences found in the Bribery Act 2010 and the Criminal Finances Act 2017.

Droit irlandais et droit gallois dans le contexte européen

This paper traces the relationship of the Roman Empire with Ireland and Wales from roughly the fifth to the seventh centuries and probes the role that Roman and Canon law played there following the events of 410, based on evidence from authors, such as Prosper of Aquitaine, Venantius Fortunatus, Zosimus and Gildas, as well as the vernacular legal traditions. This approach allows us to investigate perceptions of legal identity in Post-Roman Britain and the echoes of Latin learning embraced in Ireland.

Agencification in Public Administration

Agencification is the creation of semi-autonomous agencies: organizations charged with public tasks like policy implementation, regulation, and public service delivery, operating at arm’s length from the government. Although not a new development, agencification became very popular from the 1980s on as part of the New Public Management reforms. Three types of agencies can be distinguished, based predominantly on their formal legal features. Type 1 agencies have some managerial autonomy but do not have their own legal identity separate from the state or their parent ministry. Type 2 agencies are organizations and bodies with managerial autonomy that have their own legal identity separate from the state or their parent ministry. Type 3 organizations have their own legal identity vested in, and defined by, private law and are established by, or on behalf of, the government in the form of a private law corporation, company, or a foundation, but they are predominantly controlled by government and are at least partially involved in executing public tasks. Specific characteristics of agencies differ between countries and findings show few systematic patterns: similar tasks are charged to different types of agencies. A crucial element in the functioning of agencies is the formal and de facto interplay of autonomy and control, and how this can be explained in a static and dynamic way. Studies about agencification list three main categories of its effects: economic, organizational, and political effects. However, there is still a lot that needs to be studied about agencification, its forms, and its effects.