Whole‐Plant Dry‐Down Patterns of Short‐Season Maize Hybrids
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The chemical composition of plant components of three maize hybrids harvested at the beginning of six reproductive stages of maturity was compared. The hybrids evaluated included Maximus VIP3, Defender VIP and Feroz VIP, which were evaluated at each of following stages: R1 (grain formation), R2 (milky grain), R3 (pasty grain), R4 (floury grain), R5 (hard grain) and R6 (ripe grain). The advancement in maturation was linearly related to the crude protein (CP) content of the stem, whole plant, and leaves, and there was a difference among the hybrids. Between R4 and R5 stages, Maximus and Defender presented the highest CP contents for husk (6.58 and 5.42% for Maximus; 5.54 and 5.17% for Defender). The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of the leaves showed a quadratic relationship with the advancement of maturation but did not differ among the hybrids. For all the hybrids, the NDF content in the husk and cobs increased linearly during the reproductive stages (>77 and 78%, respectively, for the three hybrids in R6). Defender had the lowest NDF content of the cob in R3. The acid detergent lignin contents did not differ among stages in the stems, and showed a linear decrease throughout the whole plant, though the contents did not differ among the hybrids. Due to the differences observed, recommendations for harvest based on the maturity stage for each hybrid should be taken into consideration. There seems to be no important distinction among hybrids for harvesting and use of straw. Despite the reduction in grain yield, an early harvest for earlage or snaplage can provide lower lignin content in husk and cob, as well as higher protein content in the husk, favoring the nutritional value of the vegetative fraction (husk and/or cob).

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Digestibility of plant fractions from different genotypes and the predictability of quality of forage maize in northwest Europe.

Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.18174/njas.v33i1.16872 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 56-59

Author(s):

P.C. Struik

Keyword(s):

Genetic Factors ◽

Forage Maize ◽

Maize Hybrids ◽

Plant Parts ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Northwest Europe ◽

Total Plant

Differences in digestibility of plant parts from 5 forage maize hybrids are described and related to the differences in whole plant digestibility of crops grown under different conditions. Plant parts differed greatly in digestibility, and the proportions of the DM of the total plant were variable due to numerous physical, chemical, biological and genetic factors. Whole-plant digestibility, however, was fairly constant and predictable. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

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Epiphytic lactic acid bacteria succession during the pre-ensiling and ensiling periods of alfalfa and maize

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) ◽

10.1017/s0308229600022650 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 1992 ◽

pp. 155-155

Author(s):

Chunjian Lin ◽

K. K. Bolsen ◽

B. E. Brent ◽

D.Y.C. Fung ◽

W. R. Aimutis

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

North America ◽

Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽

Limited Information ◽

Maize Hybrids ◽

Silage Fermentation ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Three Stages ◽

Second Year

Epiphytic LAB, e.g., lactobacilli, lactococci, enterococci, pediococci, streptococci, and leuconostocs, play a major role in silage fermentation. Their numbers and populations have become a concern in predicting the adequacy of silage fermentation and in determining whether or not to apply a bacterial inoculant (Bolsen et al, 1989). Epiphytic LAB counts are usually low and variable on silage crops (Lin et al, 1991), and increases in the LAB counts usually occur coincident to the chopping process. Only limited information is available concerning the succession of epiphytic LAB species during the ensiling period of alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) and maize (Zea mays L.), the two major silage crops in North America. The present studies investigated the epiphytic LAB succession during the pre-ensiling and ensiling periods for two cuttings of alfalfa, each harvested at three stages of maturity, and three whole-plant maize hybrids.A second-year stand of alfalfa was harvested at the 2nd and 4th cuttings and at the late-bud, 10% bloom, and 50% bloom stages of maturity within each cutting in 1989. Following mowing, the alfalfa was wilted in the windrow for 5 to 6 hours prior to precision chopping.

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In vitro degradation and methane production of short-season corn hybrids harvested before or after a light frost

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1139/cjas-2018-0188 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 99 (4) ◽

pp. 741-753

Author(s):

I.A. Aboagye ◽

V.S. Baron ◽

M. Oba ◽

J. Guyader ◽

K.A. Beauchemin

Keyword(s):

Nutritive Value ◽

Gas Production ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Corn Hybrids ◽

In Vitro Degradation ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Southern Alberta ◽

Short Season ◽

Silage Production

In western Canada, short-season corn silage production is increasing due to its potentially high nutritive value. The objective of this study was to determine variability and relationships among nutrient concentration, degradability, and methane (CH4) production of short-season whole-plant corn hybrids harvested before or after light frost (−1.5 °C). Four hybrids, based on their corn heat unit rating (≤2600, CHU rating), were grown in 2 yr in central and southern Alberta (AB) with two field replications. The batch culture and Daisy fermenter techniques were used to characterize degradability and gas production measurements. At both locations, dry matter (DM) concentration was affected by harvest and hybrid (P ≤ 0.02). However, starch and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentrations differed (P ≤ 0.01) or tended (P = 0.07) to differ among harvest and hybrid only in central AB. Over both locations and harvest times, CH4production was related negatively to propionate and positively to acetate proportions. In conclusion, harvesting southern AB hybrids after frost increased DM concentration and NDF degradability with no effect on CH4emissions, but the high DM concentration may negatively affect silage quality and animal performance. Harvesting central AB hybrids after frost increased DM and starch concentrations, while reducing CH4emissions but had limited effects on nutrient degradability.

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CULTURAL PRACTICES AFFECTING MATURITY AND YIELD OF CORN (ZEA MAYS) FOR WHOLE-PLANT SILAGE IN SHORT-SEASON AREAS

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps78-098 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 58 (3) ◽

pp. 629-642 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

R. P. WHITE

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Zea Mays L ◽

Cultural Practices ◽

Planting Dates ◽

Harvest Dates ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Plant Densities ◽

Early Fall ◽

Short Season ◽

Low Levels

The production of corn (Zea mays L.) as whole-plant silage in short-season areas is severely restricted by such factors as late planting, slow emergence, slow early growth, and delayed silking that result from cold, wet soils and low levels of accumulated heat units. Failure of the plants to reach physiological maturity results from early fall frosts. The effects of variations in planting dates, plant densities, fertilizer and manure treatments, weeds, harvest dates, and other cultural practices on the yield and maturity of silage corn are discussed.

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Reaction norm and stability of short-season maize hybrids as affected by environment

Кормопроизводство ◽

10.25685/krm.2020.2020.63669 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

В. Сотченко ◽

А. Горбачёва ◽

А. Панфилов ◽

Н. Казакова ◽

И. Ветошкина

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Reaction Norm ◽

Yield Potential ◽

South Urals ◽

The South ◽

Maize Hybrids ◽

Grain Moisture ◽

Wide Range ◽

Short Season

Полевые опыты проведены в 20162018 годах на опытных полях ВНИИ кукурузы в п. Пятигорский Предгорного района Ставропольского края и в Институте агроэкологии филиале Южно-Уральского ГАУ в с. Миасское Красноармейского района Челябинской области. Цель исследований изучить потенциал урожая раннеспелых гибридов кукурузы и уборочную влажность зерна в разных климатических зонах, выявить гибриды, гарантирующие стабильно высокий урожай зерна в условиях Южного Урала. Одной из важнейших экологических особенностей кукурузы является её широкая норма реакции на изменение условий среды, показателем проявления которой выступает пластичность и стабильность. Было проведено изучение основных хозяйственно ценных показателей девяти раннеспелых гибридов кукурузы трёх селекционных учреждений РФ при оптимальном сроке посева в двух географических точках (Северо-Кавказском и Уральском регионах РФ). Анализ нормы и стабильности реакции гибридов кукурузы по урожаю зерна на условия вегетации позволил отнести все изучаемые гибриды к среднепластичным. Значение нормы линейной реакции (r 0,71) свидетельствует об усилении отзывчивости гибридов на улучшение условий среды. Низкостабильными оказались только два гибрида: Машук 150 МВ и Ладожский 148 СВ. Остальные гибриды относятся к высокостабильной группе. Экологическая стабильность реакции слабо связана с урожаем зерна (r 0,26). Высокоурожайными на Южном Урале оказались гибриды кукурузы Уральский 150 и Обский 140 СВ. Гибрид кукурузы очень раннего срока цветения Кубанский 101 СВ был самым низкоурожайным и низкорослым в обоих пунктах. Лучший гибрид кукурузы для условий Южного Урала Уральский 150: при среднем урожае зерна за 3 года 6,5 т/га его уборочная влажность составила 31,7. Field trials took place in 20162018. The aim to select the best short-season maize hybrids for the South Urals and evaluate their yield potential as well as grain moisture content at harvest under different environmental conditions. Maize has a wide range of responses to environment defining its plasticity and stability. Economically important traits of nine short season maize hybrids obtained from three Breeding Institutions were analyzed in the North Caucasus and Ural regions of Russia under optimal seeding date. Hybrid yields showed medium variation as a response to growth conditions. Linear reaction norm model (r 0.71) represented sensitivity increase to improved conditions. Mashuk 150 MV and Ladozhskiy 148 SV hybrids were the most sensitive to environmental changes. Other hybrids had similar performance across different environments. Low trait variation under different conditions affected grain yield insignificantly (r 0.26). Uralskiy 150 and Obskiy 140 SV had high productivity in the South Urals. Extra short-season Kubanskiy 101 SV hybrid showed the lowest productivity and height at both locations. Uralskiy 150 hybrid was the most productive in the South Urals: for 3 years its grain yield amounted to 6.5 t ha-1, grain moisture content at harvest 31.7.

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Influence of population density, row spacing and hybrid on forage corn yield and nutritive value in a cool-season environment

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/p05-136 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 86 (4) ◽

pp. 1131-1138 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

V. S. Baron ◽

H. G. Najda ◽

F. C. Stevenson

Keyword(s):

Population Density ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Zea Mays L ◽

Plant Density ◽

The Other ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Plant Yield ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Short Season ◽

Narrow Row

Increasing yield for silage and grazing in cool, short-season areas may be possible by planting corn (Zea mays L.) at high population densities and at narrow row spacing. The objective was to determine how population density (75 000, 100 000, and 125 000 plants ha-1) and row spacing (standard: 76 cm and narrow: 38 cm) affected whole-plant yield, yield-related parameters, and nutritive value of two corn hybrids grown at Brooks and Lacombe, Alberta during 2 yr. The hybrids (Pioneer 39F45 and 39N03) were rated at 2000 Ontario corn heat units (CHU). Trial, hybrid, population density and row spacing interacted to influence whole-plant yield. Population density had a greater impact on whole-plant yield than row spacing and hybrid choice. Generally, yield leveled off at 100 000 plants ha-1 when the interaction of all effects was considered. Leaf area index (LAI) and whole-plant yield at this density were 2.68 and 12.0 Mg ha-1, respectively. Narrow compared with standard row spacing had positive effects on whole-plant yield of one hybrid, but not the other and improved LAI at 75 000 plants ha-1, but not at the other plant densities. Increasing plant density and reducing row spacing had only minor effects on whole-plant nutritive value. Growing corn in narrow rows to accommodate prevalent planting equipment should have no adverse effects on whole-plant corn production in short-season areas of Canada. However, when considering changes in corn management to maximize whole-plant yield narrow row spacing is not as important as achieving a plant density of approximately 100 000 plants ha-1. Key words: Corn, Zea mays L., nutritive value, population density, row width, silage yield

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Distribution of carbohydrate during grainfill in Leafy and normal maize hybrids

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/p99-018 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 80 (1) ◽

pp. 87-95 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

C. J. Andrews ◽

L. M. Dwyer ◽

D. W. Stewart ◽

J.-A. Dugas ◽

P. Bonn

Keyword(s):

Key Words ◽

Growing Season ◽

Total Sugar ◽

Maize Hybrids ◽

Grain Yields ◽

Heat Units ◽

Normal Maize ◽

Key Words Maize ◽

Short Season ◽

Sampling Times

The Leafy (Lfy) genotype in corn has extra leaves above the ear in comparison to normal non-leafy genotypes and has been shown to increase yields in some geographical areas. In this study, carbohydrate distribution in three Lfy hybrids (two of which were "staygreen") and a normal check (Pioneer 3790) were analyzed in a short-season area (2800 Crop Heat Units, suitable for 85 day Relative Maturity hybrids). Total sugar and starch were determined at all aboveground levels of leaf and stem on 1 August 1990 and this distribution was used to calculate total canopy carbohydrates in two subsequent years from samplings of leaf and stem at only three or four canopy levels bracketing the ear level. Husk, cob and kernel components were also analyzed at three sampling times during grainfill. Major differences in the 2 yr were observed, but in general there was approximately twice the carbohydrate in the canopy at and above the ear in the Lfy genotypes compared to the check. There was also more carbohydrate in the husk and cob in the Lfy lines, but substantially less carbohydrate below the ear in these lines. Rates of grainfill were generally higher in the Lfy hybrids, but the rate of Lfy hybrid A, the early senescent hybrid, was slower in the cooler growing season. Despite the greater amount of carbohydrate in the Lfy hybrids in comparison to the traditional check, their grain yields were not greatly increased, indicating that the kernel component provided a weak sink. This characteristic is probably associated with the long season and tropical origin of the Lfy germplasm. Key words: Maize, grainfill, leafy, carbohydrate distribution, phenology, sink size

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