Reaction norm and stability of short-season maize hybrids as affected by environment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
В. Сотченко ◽  
А. Горбачёва ◽  
А. Панфилов ◽  
Н. Казакова ◽  
И. Ветошкина
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Reaction Norm ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
South Urals ◽  
The South ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Short Season

Полевые опыты проведены в 20162018 годах на опытных полях ВНИИ кукурузы в п. Пятигорский Предгорного района Ставропольского края и в Институте агроэкологии филиале Южно-Уральского ГАУ в с. Миасское Красноармейского района Челябинской области. Цель исследований изучить потенциал урожая раннеспелых гибридов кукурузы и уборочную влажность зерна в разных климатических зонах, выявить гибриды, гарантирующие стабильно высокий урожай зерна в условиях Южного Урала. Одной из важнейших экологических особенностей кукурузы является её широкая норма реакции на изменение условий среды, показателем проявления которой выступает пластичность и стабильность. Было проведено изучение основных хозяйственно ценных показателей девяти раннеспелых гибридов кукурузы трёх селекционных учреждений РФ при оптимальном сроке посева в двух географических точках (Северо-Кавказском и Уральском регионах РФ). Анализ нормы и стабильности реакции гибридов кукурузы по урожаю зерна на условия вегетации позволил отнести все изучаемые гибриды к среднепластичным. Значение нормы линейной реакции (r 0,71) свидетельствует об усилении отзывчивости гибридов на улучшение условий среды. Низкостабильными оказались только два гибрида: Машук 150 МВ и Ладожский 148 СВ. Остальные гибриды относятся к высокостабильной группе. Экологическая стабильность реакции слабо связана с урожаем зерна (r 0,26). Высокоурожайными на Южном Урале оказались гибриды кукурузы Уральский 150 и Обский 140 СВ. Гибрид кукурузы очень раннего срока цветения Кубанский 101 СВ был самым низкоурожайным и низкорослым в обоих пунктах. Лучший гибрид кукурузы для условий Южного Урала Уральский 150: при среднем урожае зерна за 3 года 6,5 т/га его уборочная влажность составила 31,7. Field trials took place in 20162018. The aim to select the best short-season maize hybrids for the South Urals and evaluate their yield potential as well as grain moisture content at harvest under different environmental conditions. Maize has a wide range of responses to environment defining its plasticity and stability. Economically important traits of nine short season maize hybrids obtained from three Breeding Institutions were analyzed in the North Caucasus and Ural regions of Russia under optimal seeding date. Hybrid yields showed medium variation as a response to growth conditions. Linear reaction norm model (r 0.71) represented sensitivity increase to improved conditions. Mashuk 150 MV and Ladozhskiy 148 SV hybrids were the most sensitive to environmental changes. Other hybrids had similar performance across different environments. Low trait variation under different conditions affected grain yield insignificantly (r 0.26). Uralskiy 150 and Obskiy 140 SV had high productivity in the South Urals. Extra short-season Kubanskiy 101 SV hybrid showed the lowest productivity and height at both locations. Uralskiy 150 hybrid was the most productive in the South Urals: for 3 years its grain yield amounted to 6.5 t ha-1, grain moisture content at harvest 31.7.

scholarly journals Application of a method based on the measurement of radiation reflectance when estimating the sensitivity of selected grain maize hybrids to the herbicide CALLISTO 480 SC + ATPLUS 463

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 117-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Vondra ◽  
Vladimír Smutný
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
The Other ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Photosynthesis Efficiency ◽  
Small Plot ◽  
The One

The application of methods based on measurements of photosynthesis efficiency is now more and more popular and used not only for the evaluation of the efficiency of herbicides but also for the estimation of their phytotoxicity to the cultivated crop. These methods enable to determine also dif­fe­ren­ces in the sensitivity of cultivars and/or hybrids to individual herbicides. The advantage of these methods consists above all in the speed and accuracy of measuring.In a field experiment, the sensitivity of several selected grain maize hybrids (EDENSTAR, NK AROBASE, NK LUGAN, LG 33.30 and NK THERMO) to the herbicide CALLISTO 480 SC + ATPLUS 463 was tested for a period of three years. The sensitivity to a registered dose of 0.25 l . ha−1 + 0.5 % was measured by means of the apparatus PS1 meter, which could measure the reflected radiation. Measurements of sensitivity of hybrids were performed on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 8th day after the application of the tested herbicide, i.e. in the growing stage of the 3rd–5th leaf. Plant material was harvested using a small-plot combine harvester SAMPO 2010. Samples were weighed and converted to the yield with 15 % of moisture in grain DM.The obtained three-year results did not demonstrate differences in sensitivity of tested hybrids to the registered dose of the herbicide CALLISTO 480 SC + ATPLUS 463 (i.e. 0.25 l . ha−1 + 0,5 %). Recorded results indicated that for the majority of tested hybrids the most critical were the 4th and the 5th day after the application; on these days the average PS1 values were the highest at all. In years 2005 and 2007, none of the tested hybrids exceeded the limit value 15 (which indicated a certain decrease in the efficiency of photosynthesis). Although in 2006 three of tested hybrids showed a certain decrease in photosynthetic activity (i.e. EDENSTAR and NK AROBASE on the 3rd day and NK LUGAN on the 2nd–4th day after the application), no visual symptoms of damage of plants were found out. It could be concluded that the herbicide CALLISTO 480 SC + ATPLUS 463 (when applied in the registered dose of 0.25 l . ha−1 + 0.5 %) did not damage hybrids under study and did not show any statistically significant effect on the grain yield. This means that the manufacturer’s statement that this herbicide, if applied in the registered dose of 0.25 l . ha−1 + 0.5 %, is very tolerant to grain maize seedlings in the growth stage of 3–5 leafs, was correct. The most suitable date of measurements of differences in sensitivity to and/or potential phytotoxicity of the preparation CALLISTO 480 SC + ATPLUS 463 seemed to be the fourth day after the application because the measured average PS1 values were the highest in all hybrids under study. When evaluating the pooled three-year yields of grain (converted to 15% of moisture content) by means of variance analysis, a statistically significant effect of the year and the hybrid on the grain yield was found out. On the other hand, however, there was no statistically significant difference in the grain yield between control and the variant treated with the registered dose of the herbicide CALLISTO 480 SC + ATPLUS 463, i.e. 12.08 t . ha‑1 and 11.50 t . ha−1, respectively (grain moisture content 15%). When comparing pooled three-year yields of all hybrids under study, there were statistically significant differences between yields of the hybrid NK THERMO on the one hand and hybrids EDENSTAR and NK AROBASE on the other.

RELATIONSHIPS AMONG WHOLE-PLANT MOISTURE, GRAIN MOISTURE, DRY MATTER YIELD, AND QUALITY OF WHOLE-PLANT CORN SILAGE

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. B. DAYNARD ◽  
R. B. HUNTER
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Plant Moisture ◽  
Plant Moisture Content

Identical experiments were conducted at the Elora Research Station, near Guelph, Ontario in 1970 and 1971 with the objective of determining the relationships among whole-plant dry matter (DM) yield, whole-plant moisture content, and grain moisture content of corn (Zea mays L.) during the later part of the growing season. Each experiment involved eight commercial hybrids representative of the range in maturity, endosperm type, lodging resistance, and grain yield potential of corn hybrids grown commercially in central Ontario. The hybrids were sampled at weekly intervals over an 8-wk period beginning approximately 1 September; the sampled plants were divided into their leaf, stalk, husk, ear and grain components and oven-dried. Fresh and dry weights were used to calculate dry matter (DM) yields and "at harvest" moisture contents of the various components, and of the entire plant. Averaged across the eight hybrids, maximum DM yield was attained at whole-plant moisture content of 66–70%, and a grain moisture content of 45–50%. Among hybrids, 66% whole-plant moisture corresponded to a range in grain moisture content from 41 to 47%. Two additional experiments were grown also at Elora in 1970 and 1971 to evaluate the effects of harvest date on the DM yield and in vitro digestibility of corn plants and their component plant parts. Each experiment involved four representative commercial hybrids which were sampled at four equal time intervals during the month of September, and divided into grain, cob, husks (including shank) and stover (including leaves, leaf sheaths, stalks and tassels) for dry weight and in vitro digestibility measurement. Whole-plant DM digestibility was essentially constant over a range of whole-plant moisture from 76 to 56% in 1970, and from 76 to 64% in 1971. The consistency of whole-plant digestibility was the result of compensating changes in component yield and digestibility. A decrease in the digestibility of the stover, husks and cob with delayed harvest was compensated for by an increase in the proportion of grain in the whole-plant yield.

scholarly journals Green ear yield and grain yield of maize after harvest of the first ear as baby corn

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Sérgio L e Silva ◽  
Paulo Igor B e Silva ◽  
Ana Karenina F de Sousa ◽  
Kamila M Gurgel ◽  
Israel A Pereira Filho
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Female Inflorescence ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Random Block ◽  
Random Block Design ◽  
Corn Grain

Baby corn (BC) consists of the corn ear harvested two or three days after silk emergence. BC is a profitable crop, making possible a diversification of production, aggregation of value and increased income. Removing the first female inflorescence induces corn to produce others, making possible to produce several BC ears or, alternatively, BC (by harvesting the first ear) and green ears or grain. The objective of this work was to evaluate green ear yield and grain yield, after harvesting the first ear as BC. Corn cultivar AG 1051 was submitted to the following treatments, in a random block design with ten replicates (52 plants per plot): BC harvesting; green ear harvesting (grain moisture content between 60 and 70%); mature ear harvesting; BC harvesting and harvesting of other ears as green or mature ears. Marketable green ears yield or grain yield produced without removing the first inflorescence were superior to the green ears yield or grain yield produced after removal of the first inflorescence harvested as baby corn. Harvesting only the first ear as baby corn, and then harvesting green ears or the mature ears, provided lower baby corn yields than that obtained by harvesting all ears as baby corn. Economically, the best net revenues would be obtained by exploring the crop for the production of green ears, green ears + baby corn, baby corn, baby corn + grain, and grain, in this order.

Flowering and maturation of grain maize under British conditions

1974 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Gunn
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Grain Crops ◽  
Yield Variation ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Maturity Date ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
The Common

SUMMARYThe relationships between mid-silking date, mid-maturity date, spread of silking and spread of maturity were studied in four maize hybrids. Mid-maturity date and spread of maturity were positively related to mid-silking date. The spread of silking ranged from 13 to 18 days and the spread of maturity from 34 to 47 days in different hybrids. Grain moisture content at mid-maturity ranged from 40 to 35%. It was concluded that the common practice of harvesting grain crops at 40% dry matter is likely to result in appreciable loss of yield: variation in the proportion of mature kernels when the grain has reached 40% moisture may account for the large season to season variation in yield observed in commercial crops. The potential benefits of early flowering hybrids are briefly discussed.

scholarly journals Nitrogen fertilization impact on agronomic traits of maize hybrids released at different decades

2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 757-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luís Sangoi ◽  
Márcio Ender ◽  
Altamir Frederico Guidolin ◽  
Milton Luiz de Almeida ◽  
Valmor Antônio Konflanz
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
N Use Efficiency ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Breeding Cycle ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Rates ◽  
N Use

Genetic selection of maize hybrids is often conducted using high N rates during the breeding cycle. This procedure may either lead to the release of genotypes that present nitrogen luxury consumption or require a stronger N input to accomplish their yield potential. This work was carried out to evaluate the effects of N rates on grain yield and N use efficiency of hybrids cultivated in different decades in Southern Brazil. The trial was performed in Lages, Santa Catarina State. A split plot design was used. Hybrids Ag 12, Ag 28, Ag 303 and Ag 9012, released during the 60's, 70's, 80's and 90's, respectively, were evaluated in the main plots. Nitrogen rates equivalent to 0, 50, 100 and 200 kg ha-1 were side-dressed in the split-plots when each hybrid had six fully expanded leaves. Modern-day hybrid Ag 9012 had higher grain yield than hybrids of earlier eras, regardless of N rates. Under high doses of N, the older hybrids Ag 12 and Ag 28 took up more N and presented higher values of shoot dry matter at flowering than Ag 9012. Nonetheless, they set less grains per ear which contributed to decrease their grain yield and N use efficiency.

Yield potential of reduced-branching lupins (Lupinus angustifolius) on sandy soils in a short season environment

1986 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 611 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Hamblin ◽  
R Delane ◽  
A Bishop ◽  
J Gladstones
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Lupinus Angustifolius ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Short Season ◽  
Water Holding

Experiments that compare the yield potential of reduced branching narrow-leafed lupins with that of the conventional branched types show that on sandy soils of low water-holding capacity in a short season environment, reduced-branching lupins have a higher yield potential than current cultivars. The yield potential of these new types appears to be maintained over a wide range of environmental yield levels. L. angustifolius was higher yielding than L. albus or L. cosentinii genotypes of similar maturity.

scholarly journals A Grain Yield Sensor for Yield Mapping with Local Rice Combine Harvester

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 897
Author(s):  
Chaiyan Sirikun ◽  
Grianggai Samseemoung ◽  
Peeyush Soni ◽  
Jaturong Langkapin ◽  
Jakkree Srinonchat
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Pertinent Information ◽  
Yield Values ◽  
Combine Harvester ◽  
Yield Monitoring

Rice grain yield was estimated from a locally made Thai combine harvester using a specially developed sensing and monitoring system. The yield monitoring and sensing system, mounted on the rice combine harvester, collected and logged grain mass flow rate and moisture content, as well as pertinent information related to field, position and navigation. The developed system comprised a yield meter, GNSS receiver and a computer installed with customized software, which, when assembled on a local rice combine, mapped real-time rice yield along with grain moisture content. The performance of the developed system was evaluated at three neighboring (identically managed) rice fields. ArcGIS® software was used to create grain yield map with geographical information of the fields. The average grain yield values recorded were 3.63, 3.84 and 3.60 t ha−1, and grain moisture contents (w.b.) were 22.42%, 23.50% and 24.71% from the three fields, respectively. Overall average grain yield was 3.84 t ha−1 (CV = 63.68%) with 578.10 and 7761.58 kg ha−1 as the minimum and maximum values, respectively. The coefficients of variation in grain yield of the three fields were 57.44%, 63.68% and 60.41%, respectively. The system performance was evaluated at four different cutter bar heights (0.18, 0.25, 0.35 and 0.40 m) during the test. As expected, the tallest cutter bar height (0.40 m) offered the least error of 12.50% in yield estimation. The results confirmed that the developed grain yield sensor could be successfully used with the local rice combine harvester; hence, offers and ‘up-gradation’ potential in Thai agricultural mechanization.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF GRAIN MOISTURE OF CORN AT HARVESTING ON SOME AGRONOMIC TRAITS

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Baktash & Alkazaali
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Field Crop ◽  
Spring Season ◽  
College Of Agriculture ◽  
Fall Season ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Grain Moisture

This research was conducted during spring and fall seasons, 2015 , at the fields of Field Crop Department – College of Agriculture –University of Baghdad . The objective was to study the effect of grain moisture at  harvesting on some agronomic traits  of the corn  next  generation , by  using synthetic variety 5018 . In spring season 2015 , seeds of this variety  was planted ,when  moisture of the ear grains was (37-42%) , ten ears were harvested. Ear harvesting dates were performed manually when the grains had 37-42% , 34-36% , 30-33% , 25- 28% and 19-22%  moisture content. In fall season  2015 , varietal trail was carried out to the five treatment materials , using Randomized Complete Bock Design , with four replicates. The results  revealed , that non significant differences between treatments (19-22)%  and  (25-28)% , in all the studied traits . The plants  grown from the seeds of (25-28)%, were produced  highest vegetative mass (116.30 g.plant-1) , total dray matter (269 g. plant-1) and total dray matter ( 1.80  kg.m-2 ) . Highest grain yield ( 1.07  kg.m-2 ) and harvesting index ( 0.63) were produced from plants grown from  seeds harvested  with (19-22)%  moisture content . It can be concluded  that the best moisture contents of the grains for seed production was (19-28)%.

scholarly journals GENOTYPE BY ENVIRONMENT AND STABILITY ANALYSES OF DRYLAND MAIZE HYBRIDS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Achmad Amzeri ◽  
◽  
B.S. DARYONO ◽  
M. SYAFII ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Phenotypic Analysis ◽  
Stability Parameters ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
The Stability

The phenotypic analysis of new candidate varieties at multiple locations could provide information on the stability of their genotypes. We evaluated the stability of 11 maize hybrid candidates in five districts in East Java Province, Indonesia. Maize hybrids with high yield potential and early maturity traits derived from a diallel cross were planted in a randomized complete block design with two checks (Srikandi Kuning and BISI-2) as a single factor with four replicates. The observed traits were grain yield per hectare and harvest age. The effects of environment, genotype, and genotype × environment interaction on yield were highly significant (P < 0.01). KTM-1, KTM-2, KTM-4, KTM-5, and KTM-6 showed higher average grain yield per hectare than the checks (Srikandi Kuning = 8.49 ton ha−1 and BISI-2 = 7.32 ton ha−1) at five different locations. The average harvest age of 11 candidates was less than 100 days. KTM-4 and KTM-5 had production yields that were higher than the average yield of all genotypes in all environments (Yi > 7.78 tons ha−1) and were considered stable on the basis of three stability parameters, i.e., Finlay–Wilkinson, Eberhart–Russell, and additive main effect multiplicative interaction (AMMI). KTM-2 had the highest yield among all tested genotypes (9.33 ton ha−1) and was considered as stable on the basis of AMMI but not on the basis of Finlay–Wilkinson and Eberhart–Russell. KTM-1 performed well only in Pamekasan, whereas KTM-6 performed well only in Sampang. Thus, these two genotypes could be targeted for these specific locations.

scholarly journals Effect of different proportions of exotic germplasm on grain yield and grain moisture in maize

Genetika ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-73
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Nastasic ◽  
Mile Ivanovic ◽  
Milisav Stojakovic ◽  
Dusan Stanisavljevic ◽  
Sanja Treskic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Orthogonal Polynomials ◽  
Inbred Line ◽  
Male Parent ◽  
Maize Inbred Line ◽  
Exotic Germplasm ◽  
Tropical Maize ◽  
Maize Germplasm ◽  
Grain Moisture

Two main questions in programs introgressing exotic maize germplasm into temperate materials are the choice of available exotic sources to work with, and the proportion of exotic germplasm that should be incorporated into adapted germplasm. The objective of this study was to compare effects of different proportions of tropical maize inbred line NC298 in hybrids male parent on grain yield and grain moisture content, using method of orthogonal polynomials. Methods of direct crosses and backcrosses were used to form four hybrid groups (six hybrids each) containing 0, 25, 50 and 75 percent of tropical exotic germplasm, respectively, by their male parent (or one half of mentioned proportions in the corresponding hybrids). The linear components of the germplasm proportions sum of squares, were significant (p<0.01) for both grain yield and moisture content and the cubic effect (p<0.05) for grain yield only. Results in this study clearly suggested backcross foundation populations with an adapted line to be appropriate selection sources for both grain yield and grain moisture content.

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