Surface Soil Physical Properties after 36 Years of Cropping to Winter Wheat

1982 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 796-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul W. Unger
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Soil Physical Properties

Forest ecosystem responses to artificially induced soil compaction. I. Soil physical properties and tree diameter growth

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 750-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Donnelly ◽  
John B. Shane
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Ecosystem Responses ◽  
Resistance Surface ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Induced Changes

Soil and vegetation responses to artificially imposed surface compaction and the effects of bark mulch on these responses were monitored for a 5-year period within a Quercusalba L. – Quercusvelutina Lam. – Quercusrubra L. forest growing on a loamy sand in northwestern Vermont. Compaction resulted in significant changes in vegetation and soil physical properties. Soil bulk density, soil penetration resistance, surface soil moisture, and soil temperature increased following compaction; infiltration capacity and the radial growth of Acerrubrum L. and Q. velutina decreased. Application of bark mulch prior to compaction tended to reduce compaction effects. Postcompaction additions of bark mulch did not result in noticeable amelioration of compaction-induced changes 2 years after application.

scholarly journals Thinning Improves Surface-Soil Physical Properties of Coniferous Forest Plantations

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bam Haja Nirina Razafindrabe ◽  
Venecio U. Ultra ◽  
Osamu Kobayashi ◽  
Mitsuo Fujiwara ◽  
Shoji Inoue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Forest Plantations

Spatial variation in soil physical properties and effects on soil NO3– production on forest hillslopes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoki Oda ◽  
Megumi Kuroiwa ◽  
Naoya Fujime ◽  
Kazuo Isobe ◽  
Naoya Masaoka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Slope Position ◽  
Surface Soil Moisture ◽  
Slope Bottom

<p>Ammonium (NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>) and nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>) concentrations and production rates in forest soil vary by hillslope position due to variation in ammonia-oxidizing microorganism concentrations, soil chemistry, and surface soil moisture. These spatial distributions have a significant effect on nutrient cycles and streamwater chemistry. Soil moisture conditions significantly restrict microbial activity, influencing the spatial distribution of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> concentrations on forest hillslopes. However, studies linking forest hydrological processes to nitrogen cycling are limited. Therefore, we investigated the determinants of spatial variation in soil moisture and evaluated the effects of soil moisture fluctuations on spatial variation in NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> concentration and production rate.</p><p>The study sites were the Fukuroyamasawa Experimental Watershed (FEW) and Oyasan Experimental Watershed (OEW) in Japan. The two have similar topographies, climates, and tree species. In each watershed, a 100 m transect was set up from the ridge to the base of the slope, and soil moisture sensors were installed at soil depths of 10 cm and 30 cm at both the top and bottom of the slope. We collected surface soil samples at a depth of 10 cm at the top, middle, and bottom of the slopes using 100 cm<sup>3</sup> cores, and measured soil physical properties, particle size distribution, volcanic ash content, chemical properties (pH, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, nitrification rate, and mineralization rate), and microbial content (archaeal content). Spatial and temporal changes in soil moisture on the hillslope were calculated using HYDRUS-2D to examine contributing factors of soil moisture.</p><p>At FEW, high NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> concentrations and nitrification rates were observed only at the slope bottom and middle, and no NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> concentrations were detected at up slope. By contrast, at OEW, high NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> concentrations and nitrification rates were observed at all points. NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> concentrations were similar at all points in both watersheds. At FEW, 10 cm surface soil moisture fluctuated within 25–40% at the slope top but was within 40–50% at the slope bottom. At OEW, surface soil moisture was 30–40% at both the slope top and bottom, with no significant differences according to slope position. It was confirmed that soil moisture was significantly involved in NO<sub>3</sub><sup>– </sup>concentration and nitrification rates. Model simulations showed that the difference in soil moisture fluctuations between FEW and OEW was mainly explained by the spatial variation in soil physical properties. In particular, volcanic ash influenced soil moisture along the entire slope at OEW, resulting in high water retention, but only influenced soil moisture at the slope bottom at FEW. These findings indicate that spatial variability in soil physical properties has a significant effect on soil moisture fluctuation and leads to a spatial distribution of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> production.</p>

Tillage and water content effects on surface soil physical properties

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 67-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.P. Cresswell ◽  
D.J. Painter ◽  
K.C. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Soil Physical Properties

Surface Soil Physical Properties After Twelve Years of Dryland No-Till Management

2002 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 1296-1303 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Shaver ◽  
G. A. Peterson ◽  
L. R. Ahuja ◽  
D. G. Westfall ◽  
L. A. Sherrod ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
No Till

Characterizing the soil physical condition in reduced tillage systems for winter wheat on a fine sandy loam using small cores

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Physical Condition ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Air Permeability ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Direct Drilling

A tillage study was conducted in Prince Edward Island with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) over two seasons on a Gowanbrae light fine sandy loam, a Humo-Ferric Podzol. One-pass mouldboard ploughing, shallow tillage using a rotary harrow, and direct drilling were evaluated for their effects on crop productivity and soil physical properties. Direct drilling increased plant survival but not grain yield in the first year compared to the other tillage systems. Leaf diseases significantly reduced crop performance under shallow tillage and direct drilling in the second year. None of the tillage systems had adverse effects on soil strength at field capacity over the 0- to 350-mm soil profile depth, as penetrometer resistance values were < 1.5 MPa. Differences in soil macro-aggregation and organic carbon distribution between tillage systems were noted in the Ap horizon. Sequential measurements on soil cores equilibrated at 6 kPa tension for macropore volume, air permeability at low air pressure (0.25 kPa), oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) at 0.65 mV, and shear strength indicated that the soil physical condition was within the optimum range for root growth, over the 0- to 240-mm depth, in each tillage system. In addition, relative compaction was maintained at a low level in all systems. The quotient of air permeability and macropore volume, as an index of pore continuity, indicated that the relatively large macropore volumes under mouldboard ploughing were less efficient in conducting air than the macropores under direct drilling. These differences in pore continuity were most prevalent at the lower soil depth.Key words: Soil physical properties, soil compaction, Podzolic soil, winter cereals

Change in soil infiltration associated with leys in south-eastern Queensland

Soil Research ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1057 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Connolly ◽  
D. M. Freebairn ◽  
M. J. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Soil Infiltration ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Surface Sealing

Cropping systems in south-eastern Queensland have led to degradation of soil physical properties and loss of infiltration capacity. Pasture leys are favoured for ameliorating soil physical properties because they add organic matter to the soil, create macroporosity, and help to re-aggregate soil. We measured change in hydraulic conductivity with period of ley for 5 major soil groups in south-eastern Queensland (Sodosols, light and heavy Vertosols, Red Ferrosols, and Red Chromosols/Kandosols). We characterised 2 soil layers that are susceptible to degradation when cropped: surface soil exposed to raindrop impact, and the layer immediately below the cultivated layer (0·1-0·2 m deep). A rainfall simulator was used to measure hydraulic conductivity of surface seals under high intensity rainfall. Disc permeameters and pressure plate apparatus were used to measure hydraulic conductivity of the soil matrix in the 0·1-0·2 m layer. Hydraulic conductivity of both soil layers improved with period of pasture for all but the light-textured Red Chromosols/Kandosols. The estimated period of pasture required to return hydraulic conductivity to pre-cultivated levels ranged from 5 to 40 years, depending on soil type and layer. This is about 2-3 times the period of cultivation that caused the degradation. Grazing reduced the effectiveness of pasture in ameliorating surface sealing on Sodosols. Beneficial effects of a 2·5-4·5 year, ungrazed ley pasture on surface soil persisted for up to 5 years after recultivation, but were lost in the 0·1-0·2 m layer within 1 year. These rates of decline in hydraulic conductivity were faster than observed on previously uncultivated soils. The APSIM model was used to predict the effect of measured improvements in soil hydraulic conductivity on average runoff from summer fallows. The model predicted that most benefits for fallow runoff would be achieved with 2-5 years of ley. The surface seal was the major limitation to infiltration when the soil was bare. Subsurface soil layers limited infiltration if surface sealing was reduced by ameliorating soil properties or maintaining cover on the soil surface. The results suggest that despite amelioration of soil structure with leys, appropriate tillage and cover management is still required to maintain high infiltration rates.

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