Development of flame retardant cotton and acrylic blend textile fabric finish with Enset pseudostem sap

Purpose The potential for burn injuries arises from contact with a hot surface, flame, hot liquid and steam hazards. The purpose of this study is to develop the flame retardant acrylic and cotton blend textile finished with Enset Ventricosum pseudostem sap (EPS). Design/methodology/approach The two fabric was produced from (30% acrylic with 70% cotton) and (35% acrylic with 65% cotton) blend. The extracted sap was made alkaline and applied on two mordanted blend fabrics. The effect of blend ratio, the concentration of EPS and treatment time on flammability, Flame retardant properties of both the control and the treated fabrics were analyzed in terms of vertical flammability based on the design of the experiment software using central composite design. The air permeability and tensile strength of treated and controlled fabric were measured. Findings The blended fabrics at different blended ratios were flame retardant with an optimized result of burning time 2.902 min and 2.775 min and char length 6.442 cm and 7.332 cm in the warp and weft direction, respectively, at a concentration of 520 ml and time 33.588 min. There was a slight significant change in mechanical strengths and air permeability. The thermal degradation and the pyrolysis of the fabric samples were studied using thermogravimetric analysis and the chemical composition by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy abbreviated as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The wash durability of the treated fabric at different blend ratios was carried out for the optimized sample and the test result shows that the flame retardancy property is durable up to 15 washes. Originality/value Development of flame retardant cotton and acrylic blend textile fabric finish with ESP was studied; this work provides application of EPS for flame resistance which is optimized statically and successfully applied for a flame retardant property on cotton-acrylic blend fabric.

Grafting nanocellulose with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid and chitosan as additive for enhancing recycled OCC pulp fibres

This paper develops a novel paper additive for effectively recycling old corrugated container (OCC) by functionalizing nanocellulose (NC) with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and chitosan (CS), and investigate the reinforcing mechanisms and effect of the developed additive on the physical properties of recycled OCC pulp handsheets. The tensile, tear and burst index, air permeability, tensile energy absorption (TEA), and drainage performance of the recycled OCC handsheets are examined. Fourier transform infrared FTIR) spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are used for the chemical and microstructure characterization of both NC based additives and paper from recycled OCC pulp. The results show that functional groups on the NC based additive, such as carboxyl, amino and hydroxyl groups, can bond with the hydroxyl groups on the recycled OCC fibres to generate a chemical bond. This leads to an increase in the crosslinks and bonding area between the fibres, which increases their tensile strength and improves their recycling rate. SEM shows that the paper with NC based additives had tighter inter-fibre bonds and smaller paper pore structure. Addition of 0.3% NC-DTPA-CS additive results in optimal properties of the recycled OCC paper with an increase by 31.64%, 22.28% and 36.6% of tensile index, tear index, burst index respectively, and the air permeability decreases by 36.92%. Graphical Abstract

Correlation of Air Permeability to Other Breathability Parameters of Textiles

In the field of textile comfort of smart textiles, the breathability of the material is very important. That includes the flow of air, water and water vapours through the textile material. All these experiments are time consuming and costly; only air permeability is much faster and economical. The research is performed to find correlation between these phenomena of breathability and to predict the permeability based on only the air permeability measurement. Furthermore, it introduces a new way of expressing the Ret (water vapour resistance) unit according to SI standards as it is connected with the air permeability of garments. The need to find a correlation between air permeability and water vapour permeability is emphasised in order to facilitate the assessment of clothing comfort. The results show that there is a strong relation between air permeability and water vapour permeability for most of the textile material.

Research of protective and operational properties of sorption-filtering textile material

The article presents the results of a study on the functionalisation of synthetic textile materials with spherical activated carbon using an adhesive to create personal protective equipment based on Russian components. These materials are of particular relevance in the production of sorption and filtering personal protective equipment, which must have, along with high protective characteristics, high performance properties, vapour and air permeability. In the course of the work, the influence of the plasma of a capacitive high-frequency and low-pressure discharge on the modification of the base material was investigated. It has been proven that plasma treatment of polyester nonwoven material accelerates sorption processes, ensures uni-form coverage of fibres with a binder, which allows maintaining the material's air permeability. The results of studies of the material for the time of protective action on ammonia demonstrated the prospects for the development of Russian sorption-filtering textile material on a non-woven polyester base with a monolayer of granular activated carbon fixed on a polymer binder.

Evaluating the Protective Effects of Calcium Carbonate Coating on Sandstone Cultural Heritage

The purpose of this work was to use different surfactants to deposit different crystalline calcium carbonate films on the surface of sandstone through a simple double displacement reaction. This was done to test the protective effects of calcium carbonate coatings based on water absorption, moisture permeability and weather resistance. Experimental results showed that the air permeability of the stone treated with vaterite calcium carbonate was reduced, but that this did not affect water vapor’s access into and out of the stone. Compared with untreated stone, the water absorption rate was reduced 0.5 times, and the weather resistance increased by 4 times due to small crystal grains, high solubility, and deep penetration hindering the erosion of water and soluble salts. These findings are expected to provide useful suggestions for the protection of stone cultural heritage.

Transfer and Friction Characteristics of Sports Socks Fabrics Made of Synthetic Fibres in Different Structures

Sports socks fabrics produced from polyester, polypropylene, their modified forms Thermocool®, Polycolon®, in three different structures (single jersey, piquet, terry) were investigated for their skin-fabric friction, permeability (air and water vapour), liquid absorption and transfer (absorbency, immersion, absorption capacity, wetback and drying) properties. According to the results, the effect of structure is dominant for frictional characteristics but focusing on the material, polypropylene created a bulkier and lighter structure with lower friction coeffi¬cients, an advantage for sports socks. The effect of structure is greater than the material also for some thermal comfort parameters, e.g. air permeability and absorbency. Focusing on materials, besides their better liquid transfer characteristics, modified forms of both fibres had worse performances for air permeability and absor¬bency compared to their standard forms. Absorption capacity, wetback and drying performances were related to fabric density besides the polyester’s higher regain capacity. While Polycolon® had superiority for wetback performance against standard polypropylene, this was not the case for Thermocool®; however, both modified materials showed apparent superiority for drying periods. Piquet structures were advantageous for absorption capacity and wetback performances for polypropylene. For sports socks parts, specific needs can be met by changing the fabric structure. Considering the materials, polypropylene and Polycolon® can be recommended for both thermal and tactile aspects.

INFLUENCE OF THE WIDTH OF TOBACCO FIBER AND THE PROPERTIES OF CIGARETTE PAPER ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE SMOKE OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS FROM THIN-CUT TOBACCO

Рассмотрены технологические свойства табачного сырья скелетного типа сорта Юбилейный с шириной табачного волокна 0,5 и 0,8 мм и табачной мешки американского типа с шириной волокна 0,6 и 0,9 мм, использованных для изготовления изделий из табака курительного тонкорезаного. Выявлено, что у табака сорта Юбилейный с шириной волокна 0,8 мм наибольший условный расход на изготовление 1000 шт. изделий. Проведен анализ состава и воздухопроницаемости сигаретной бумаги для изготовления курительных изделий разных диаметров. Исследовано влияние физических параметров изделий из табака курительного тонкорезаного (диаметр, ширина табачного волокна, воздухопроницаемость сигаретной бумаги) на химический состав дыма (никотин, смола, монооксид углерода). Установлено, что увеличение ширины табачного волокна привело к значительному повышению содержания никотина и смолы в дыме изделий с табаком сорта Юбилейный; в дыме курительных изделий с американской мешкой столь четкой корреляции не наблюдалось. При использовании бумаги на основе конопли с меньшей, чем в бумаге с рисовой основой, воздухопроницаемостью в дыме курительных изделий возрастала концентрация как никотина, так и смолы, содержание которой в дыме образцов изделий с табаком сорта Юбилейный при ширине волокна 0,5 мм повышалось на 4–23%, при ширине волокна 0,8 мм – на 6–13%; с американской мешкой при ширине волокна 0,6 мм возрастало на 7–11%, при ширине волокна 0,9 мм – на 2–4%. Результаты исследований помогут выработать рекомендации для производителей и потребителей этого вида продукции. The paper considers the technological properties of skeletal-type tobacco raw materials of the Yubileynyy variety with a fiber width of 0,5 and 0,8 mm and American-type tobacco bags with a fiber width of 0,6 and 0,9 mm, used for the manufacture of products from thin-cut smoking tobacco. It was revealed that tobacco of the Yubileynyy variety with a fiber width of 0,8 mm has the highest conventional consumption for the manufacture of 1000 pieces products. The analysis of the composition and air permeability of cigarette paper for the manufacture of smoking products of different diameters was carried out. The influence of the physical parameters of tobacco products made of thin-cut tobacco (diameter, width of tobacco fiber, breathability of cigarette paper) on the chemical composition of smoke (nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide) is investigated. It was found that an increase in the width of tobacco fiber led to a significant increase in the content of nicotine and tar in the smoke of tobacco products of the Yubileynyy variety; such a clear correlation was not observed in the smoke of smoking products with an American-type. When using hemp-based paper with less air permeability than in rice-based paper, the concentration of nicotine and tar in the smoke of smoking products increased. The tar content in the smoke of samples of tobacco products of the Yubileynyy variety with a fiber width of 0,5 mm increased by 4–23%, with a fiber width of 0,8 mm – by 6–13%; with an American-type with a fiber width of 0,6 mm increased by 7–11%, with a fiber width of 0,9 mm – by 2–4%. The research results will help to develop recommendations for manufacturers and consumers of this type of products.

Improving the ultraviolet protection factor of textiles through mechanical surface modification using calendering

The textile modification technique of calendering was used to change the cover factor of wearable textiles in order to improve the ultraviolet protection factor and decrease the amount of ultraviolet radiation transmitted through the fabric. Using optical microscopy and ultraviolet spectrophotometry, the quantifiable changes that occurred after repeated passes through the calender were measured. It was found that after one pass the uncovered area decreased by a factor of two and the ultraviolet protection factor increased by 200%. The thickness and air permeability of treated fabric decreased with repeated calendering. The bending stiffness remained nearly unchanged, and thus the mechanical properties were not altered substantially by the fabric compression.