Youth Offenders and the Deterrence Effect of Prison

The South African child justice system has adopted the philosophy of restorative justice in the management of child and youth offenders in general as reflected in the preamble of the Child Justice Act 75 of 2008. Whilst restorative justice has been easily applied to less serious youth crimes generally, there seems to be some reservations regarding its appropriateness to dealing with youth sex offenders. This article looks at restorative justice approach within the context of diversion and seeks to highlight practice issues that need to be considered with regard to the application of the aforementioned approach in dealing with youth sex offenders. The article draws from the findings of a Doctoral study that the author conducted which explored this area of social work practice.

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Optimal Antitrust Enforcement: Judicial Standard, Judicial Error and Deterrence Effect

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.1636523 ◽

2010 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Juwon Kwak

Keyword(s):

Antitrust Enforcement ◽

Deterrence Effect ◽

Judicial Error

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Relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences and substance use in youth offenders in Singapore

Child Abuse & Neglect ◽

10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105072 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 117 ◽

pp. 105072

Author(s):

Adam Oei ◽

Chi Meng Chu ◽

Dongdong Li ◽

Nyx Ng ◽

Carl Yeo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽

Youth Offenders ◽

Childhood Experiences ◽

Adverse Childhood

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The Contribution of Static and Dynamic Factors to Recidivism Prediction for Black and White Youth Offenders

International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology ◽

10.1177/0306624x211022673 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 0306624X2110226

Author(s):

William T. Miller ◽

Christina A. Campbell ◽

Jordan Papp ◽

Ebony Ruhland

Keyword(s):

Racial Bias ◽

Black Youth ◽

Criminal History ◽

Risk Assessments ◽

White Youth ◽

Youth Offenders ◽

Black And White ◽

Dynamic Factors ◽

Recidivism Prediction ◽

The Individual

Scholars have presented concerns about potential for racial bias in risk assessments as a result of the inclusion of static factors, such as criminal history in risk assessments. The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which static factors add incremental validity to the dynamic factors in criminogenic risk assessments. This study examined the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI) in a sample of 1,270 youth offenders from a medium-sized Midwestern county between June 2004 and November 2013. Logistic regression was used to determine the predictive validity of the YLS/CMI and the individual contribution of static and dynamic domains of the assessment. Results indicated that the static domain differentially predicted recidivism for Black and White youth. In particular, the static domain was a significant predictor of recidivism for White youth, but this was not the case for Black youth. The dynamic domain significantly predicted recidivism for both Black and White offenders, and static risk factors improved prediction of recidivism for White youth, but not for Black youth.

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Higher Order Language: Risk, Promotive, and Risk-Based Protective Associations with Youth Offending

Crime & Delinquency ◽

10.1177/00111287211007730 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 001112872110077

Author(s):

Stavroola A. S. Anderson ◽

David J. Hawes ◽

Pamela C. Snow

Keyword(s):

Oral Language ◽

Figurative Language ◽

Protective Factor ◽

Language Skills ◽

Theoretical Models ◽

Higher Order ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Youth Offenders ◽

Order Language ◽

Nonverbal Skills

Research has implicated oral language deficits as risk factors for antisocial behavior. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between higher order language skills and youth offending through a risk, promotive and risk-based protective factor paradigm. In a sample of adolescent males ( n = 130; 13 to 20 years; 62% youth offenders) skills in understanding ambiguity, making inferences, and understanding figurative language were demonstrated to have risk and promotive effects in association with youth offending. Figurative language also met criteria for having risk-based protective effects for youth at high offending risk due to poor nonverbal skills. Conceptualization of higher order language skills through this paradigm promotes a broader frame of reference for considering theoretical models and practical interventions.

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The Prediction of Youth Recidivism in a Spanish Roma Population by the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI)

International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology ◽

10.1177/0306624x211022668 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 0306624X2110226

Author(s):

Aitana Gomis-Pomares ◽

Lidón Villanueva ◽

Juan E. Adrián

Keyword(s):

Case Management ◽

Predictive Validity ◽

Assessment Tools ◽

Risk Scores ◽

Level Of Service ◽

Recidivism Rate ◽

Youth Offenders ◽

Disparate Impact ◽

Roma Population ◽

Risk Assessment Tools

Despite the increasing interest in the accuracy of youth risk assessment tools, the amount of research with ethnic minorities remains relatively modest. For this reason, the main goal of this study was to assess the predictive validity and disparate impact of the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI) in a Spanish ethnic minority. The participants consisted of 88 Roma youth offenders and 135 non-Roma youth offenders, aged between 14 and 17 years old. Their risk of recidivism was assessed by means of the YLS/CMI Inventory and their recidivism rate was obtained from the Juvenile Justice Department. Results showed that the Inventory presented slightly lower predictive validity for the Roma group. Moreover, Roma juveniles presented higher risk scores and lower strength scores than non-Roma juveniles. These results supported the idea that professionals must therefore be aware of these cultural differences in predictive validity and the existent potentiality for disparate impact.

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