Geophysical Monitoring of Gaseous and Supercritical CO2 Fracture Flow Through a Brine-Saturated Shale Caprock

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Nooraiepour ◽  
Magnus Soldal ◽  
Joonsang Park ◽  
Nazmul Haque Mondal ◽  
Helge Hellevang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supercritical Co2 ◽  
Fracture Flow ◽  
Geophysical Monitoring ◽  
Flow Through

A Proposed Model for Multiphase Flow Through Naturally Fractured Reservoirs

1982 ◽  
Vol 22 (05) ◽  
pp. 669-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald D. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Porous Media ◽  
Fractured Rock ◽  
Fractured Reservoirs ◽  
Fractured Porous Media ◽  
Naturally Fractured Reservoirs ◽  
Fracture Flow ◽  
Rock Matrix ◽  
Porous Rock ◽  
Matrix Blocks ◽  
Flow Through

Abstract A general mathematic model is derived that may be used to describe fluid movement through naturally fractured reservoirs. The model treats the reservoir as a double-porosity medium consisting of heterogeneous isotropic primary rock matrix blocks and an anisotropic. heterogeneous fracture matrix system. The fractured are assumed to have a general distribution in space and orientation called the fracture matrix function to represent their statistical nature. Simplifying assumptions are made concerning flow in individual fractures and a hemispherical volume integration of microscopic fracture flow equations is performed to arrive at a generalized Darcy-type equation, with a symmetric permeability tensor evolving to describe the flow in the fracture evolving to describe the flow in the fracture matrix. For flow in the primary rock matrix blocks. Darcy's law for an isotropic medium is assumed. Time-dependent porosity equations for the primary rock matrix and the fractures are derived and coupled with the conservation of mass principle for each system to arrive at a governing set of continuity equations. Each resulting continuity equation is coupled further by a fluid interaction term that accounts for fluid movement that can take place between rock matrix blocks and fractures. The resulting equations of continuity and the equations of motion are generalized for multiphase flow through the fractured medium with variable rock and fluid properties. To complete the model formulation, a general set of auxiliary equations are specified, which can be simplified to fit a particular application. Introduction Flow of fluid in fractured porous media was recognized first in the petroleum industry in the 1940's. Since that time, many researchers have added to the volume of literature on fractured media. An extensive bibliography on flow in fractured porous media is given in Ref. 1. When attempting to model fluid flow through any type of medium, the researcher must decide which kinds of fluids and the type of flow to model. In the case of fractured porous media where most of the flow takes place through fractures, the flow can become truly turbulent. However, as demonstrated for many encounters with fracture flow, the laminar flow regime probably prevails. The development of fracture flow models has proceeded along two different approaches: the statistical and the fractured rock mass is considered a statistically homogeneous medium consisting of a combination of fractures and porous rock matrix. The fractures are considered ubiquitous, and the system is called statistically homogeneous because the probability of finding a fracture at any given point in the system is considered the same as fining one an any other point. In the enumerative approach, a fractured rock medium is studied by attempting to mode the actual geometry of fractures and porous rock matrix. The locations, orientation, and aperture variations for each individual fracture must be considered in this approach. Statistical Approach Many researchers have developed models with the statistical approach. Elkins and Skov used this approach to study anisotropic fracture permeability associated with Spraberry field, TX. Considering the extensive system of orthogonal vertical joints as an anisotropic medium, from a number of drawdown tests they were able to construct permeability ellipsoids whose axes were aligned reasonably well with the observed fractured system. This is called a "one-medium statistical model" because flow in the porous rock matrix was not considered. A two-medium statistical model for transient flow in a fractured rock medium was developed by Barenblatt et al. SPEJ P. 669^

scholarly journals Effect of brine-CO2 fracture flow on velocity and electrical resistivity of naturally fractured tight sandstones

Geophysics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. WA37-WA48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Nooraiepour ◽  
Bahman Bohloli ◽  
Joonsang Park ◽  
Guillaume Sauvin ◽  
Elin Skurtveit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Fluid Flow ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Low Permeability ◽  
Fracture Flow ◽  
Fracture Permeability ◽  
Geophysical Monitoring ◽  
Primary Fluid ◽  
Naturally Fractured ◽  
Matrix Flow

Fracture networks inside geologic [Formula: see text] storage reservoirs can serve as the primary fluid flow conduit, particularly in low-permeability formations. Although some experiments focus on the geophysical properties of brine- and [Formula: see text]-saturated rocks during matrix flow, geophysical monitoring of fracture flow when [Formula: see text] displaces brine inside the fracture seems to be overlooked. We have conducted laboratory geophysical monitoring of fluid flow in a naturally fractured tight sandstone during brine and liquid [Formula: see text] injection. For the experiment, the low-porosity, low-permeability, naturally fractured core sample from the Triassic De Geerdalen Formation was acquired from the Longyearbyen [Formula: see text] storage pilot at Svalbard, Norway. Stress dependence, hysteresis, and the influence of fluid-rock interactions on fracture permeability were investigated. The results suggest that in addition to stress level and pore pressure, mobility and fluid type can affect fracture permeability during loading and unloading cycles. Moreover, the fluid-rock interaction may impact volumetric strain and consequently fracture permeability through swelling and dry out during water and [Formula: see text] injection, respectively. Acoustic velocity and electrical resistivity were measured continuously in the axial direction and three radial levels. Geophysical monitoring of fracture flow revealed that the axial P-wave velocity and axial electrical resistivity are more sensitive to saturation change than the axial S-wave, radial P-wave, and radial resistivity measurements when [Formula: see text] was displacing brine, and the matrix flow was negligible. The marginal decreases of acoustic velocity (maximum 1.6% for axial [Formula: see text]) compared with the 11% increase in axial electrical resistivity suggest that in the case of dominant fracture flow within the fractured tight reservoirs, the use of electrical resistivity methods have a clear advantage compared with seismic methods to monitor [Formula: see text] plume. The knowledge learned from such experiments can be useful for monitoring geologic [Formula: see text] storage in which the primary fluid flow conduit is the fracture network.

Flow through the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone, Mid-Atlantic Ridge

1972 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Garner
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
Fracture Zone ◽  
Oscillatory Flow ◽  
Fracture Flow ◽  
Tidal Period ◽  
Mid Atlantic Ridge ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
The Mean

The flow of deep water across the axis of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge through the Charlie–Gibbs Fracture Zone near 52.5 °N was monitored for 7 days during June, 1970 with current meters moored 50 m and 650 m above the bottom in each of the two zonal channels of the fracture. Flow was west-going through the fracture. The mean rate of flow was about 3 cm/s with an oscillatory flow superimposed of semi-diurnal tidal period.

Development of apical pits in chloride cells of the gills of Pimephales promelas after chronic exposure to acid water

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 462-463
Author(s):  
Richard L. Leino ◽  
Jon G. Anderson ◽  
J. Howard McCormick
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Untreated Water ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Flow Through

Groups of 12 fathead minnows were exposed for 129 days to Lake Superior water acidified (pH 5.0, 5.5, 6.0 or 6.5) with reagent grade H2SO4 by means of a multichannel toxicant system for flow-through bioassays. Untreated water (pH 7.5) had the following properties: hardness 45.3 ± 0.3 (95% confidence interval) mg/1 as CaCO3; alkalinity 42.6 ± 0.2 mg/1; Cl- 0.03 meq/1; Na+ 0.05 meq/1; K+ 0.01 meq/1; Ca2+ 0.68 meq/1; Mg2+ 0.26 meq/1; dissolved O2 5.8 ± 0.3 mg/1; free CO2 3.2 ± 0.4 mg/1; T= 24.3 ± 0.1°C. The 1st, 2nd and 3rd gills were subsequently processed for LM (methacrylate), TEM and SEM respectively.Three changes involving chloride cells were correlated with increasing acidity: 1) the appearance of apical pits (figs. 2,5 as compared to figs. 1, 3,4) in chloride cells (about 22% of the chloride cells had pits at pH 5.0); 2) increases in their numbers and 3) increases in the % of these cells in the epithelium of the secondary lamellae.

Flow Through Heterogeneous Geologic Media

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian-Chyi Yeh ◽  
Raziuddin Khaleel ◽  
Kenneth C. Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Flow Through ◽  
Geologic Media
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