The US Opioid Epidemic: State Laws, Prescription Opioids and Crime

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Deiana ◽  
Ludovica Giua
Keyword(s):  
Prescription Opioids ◽  
Opioid Epidemic ◽  
State Laws ◽  
The Us

Epidemiology of Substance Use Disorders

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-28
Author(s):  
L. Morgan Snell ◽  
Andrew J. Barnes ◽  
Peter Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Opioid Use Disorder ◽  
Opioid Overdose ◽  
Prescription Opioids ◽  
Opioid Epidemic ◽  
Provider Education ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Prescribing Practices ◽  
The Us ◽  
Overdose Deaths

Nearly 3 million Americans have a current or previous opioid use disorder, and recent data indicate that 10.2% of US adults have ever misused pain relievers. In 2015, approximately 800,000 individuals used heroin, while 4 million misused prescription opioids. Although use of other drugs such as alcohol and cannabis is more prevalent, opioid use contributes to significant morbidity, mortality, and social and economic costs. While the current US opioid overdose epidemic began with prescription opioids, since 2015, heroin and synthetic opioids (e.g., fentanyl) have driven continued increases in opioid overdose deaths, contributing to a recent decline in overall life expectancy in the United States. Policies to address the opioid epidemic by changing clinical practice include provider education, monitoring prescribing practices, and expanding the clinical workforce necessary to treat opioid use disorders. The opioid epidemic appears to be largely a US phenomenon and a consequence of both structural challenges in the US healthcare system and growing socioeconomic disparities, and thus it will require policies including and beyond delivery system reforms to resolve it.

scholarly journals What we must learn from the US opioid epidemic

BMJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. j4828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona Godlee
Keyword(s):  
Opioid Epidemic ◽  
The Us

scholarly journals Opioid Epidemic in the United States: Empirical Trends, and A Literature Review of Social Determinants and Epidemiological, Pain Management, and Treatment Patterns

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gopal K Singh ◽  
Isaac E. Kim, Jr. ◽  
Mehrete Girmay ◽  
Chrisp Perry ◽  
Gem P. Daus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pain Management ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
Drug Overdose ◽  
The United States ◽  
Opioid Epidemic ◽  
The Us ◽  
Drug Overdoses ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Overdose Mortality ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Objectives: Dramatic increases in opioid and drug overdose mortality have occurred in the United States (US) over the past two decades. To address this national public health crisis and identify gaps in the literature, we analyzed recent empirical trends in US drug overdose mortality by key social determinants and conducted a selective review of the recent literature on the magnitude of the opioid crisis facing different racial/ethnic, socioeconomic, and rural-urban segments of the US population. Methods: We used the 1999-2017 mortality data from the US National Vital Statistics System to analyze trends in drug overdose mortality by race/ethnicity, age, and geographic area. Log-linear regression was used to model mortality trends. Using various key words and their combinations, we searched PubMed and Google Scholar for select peerreviewed journal articles and government reports published on the opioid epidemic between 2010 and 2018. Results: Our original analysis and review indicate marked increases in drug overdose mortality overall and by race/ethnicity and geographic regions, with adolescents and young adults experiencing steep increases in mortality between 1999 and 2017. Our selective search yielded 405 articles, of which 39 publications were selected for detailed review. Suicide mortality from drug overdose among teens aged 12-19 increased consistently between 2009 and 2017, particularly among teen girls. The rise of efficient global supply chains has increased opioid prescription use and undoubtedly contributed to the opioid epidemic. Many other important contributing factors to the epidemic include lack of education and economic opportunities, poor working conditions, and low social capital in disadvantaged communities. Conclusions and Global Health Implications: Our analysis and review indicate substantial disparities in drug overdoses and related mortality, pain management, and treatment outcomes according to social determinants. Increases in drug overdoses and resultant mortality are not only unique to the US, but have also been observed in other industrialized countries. Healthcare systems, community leaders, and policymakers addressing the opioidepidemic should focus on upstream structural factors including education, economic opportunity, social cohesion, racial/ethnic disadvantage, geographic isolation, and life satisfaction. Key words: • Opioids • Drug overdose • Mortality • Pain management • Treatment • Race/Ethnicity • Social determinants • Health disparities Copyright © 2019 Singh et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Judicial Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-68
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Judicial Review ◽  
The State ◽  
State Courts ◽  
Court Case ◽  
State Laws ◽  
State Constitutions ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Supreme Court ◽  
Us Constitution

The conventional account of judicial review starts with a US Supreme Court case, Marbury v. Madison. But judicial review in truth starts with the state courts and the state constitutions, not the US Supreme Court and the US Constitution. Before the US Constitution existed, the state courts established American judicial review and were the first courts to wrestle with the complexities of exercising it. Judicial review also is foremost a structural story, not an individual-rights story. The delegation of power to the judiciary to decide the meaning of our constitutions laid the groundwork for the growth in power of American courts—especially the federal courts, which have become the go-to answer for so many who-decides questions in American government over the last seventy-five years. This chapter begins a search for insights in resolving the dilemma of judicial review by looking at how the state courts innovated the concept and the ways they initially practiced it. It shows that the early state courts were deferential to the democratic branches of government. They rarely invalidated state laws and did so only when these laws violated a clear constitutional rule. That approach offers lessons for federal and state courts alike.

scholarly journals Declining mental health among disadvantaged Americans

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (28) ◽  
pp. 7290-7295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noreen Goldman ◽  
Dana A. Glei ◽  
Maxine Weinstein
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Opioid Epidemic ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Modest Improvement ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Impact

Although there is little dispute about the impact of the US opioid epidemic on recent mortality, there is less consensus about whether trends reflect increasing despair among American adults. The issue is complicated by the absence of established scales or definitions of despair as well as a paucity of studies examining changes in psychological health, especially well-being, since the 1990s. We contribute evidence using two cross-sectional waves of the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study to assess changes in measures of psychological distress and well-being. These measures capture negative emotions such as sadness, hopelessness, and worthlessness, and positive emotions such as happiness, fulfillment, and life satisfaction. Most of the measures reveal increasing distress and decreasing well-being across the age span for those of low relative socioeconomic position, in contrast to little decline or modest improvement for persons of high relative position.

Biobanking Research and Privacy Laws in the United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather L. Harrell ◽  
Mark A. Rothstein
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
The United States ◽  
Common Rule ◽  
State Laws ◽  
Privacy Rule ◽  
Biobank Research ◽  
Privacy Laws ◽  
The Us ◽  
Protection Of Human Subjects ◽  
Hipaa Privacy Rule

Privacy is protected in biobank-based research in the US primarily by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule and the Federal Policy for Protection of Human Subjects (Common Rule). Neither rule, however, was created to function in the unique context of biobank research, and therefore neither applies to all biobank-based research. Not only is it challenging to determine when the HIPAA Privacy Rule or the Common Rule apply, but these laws apply different standards to protect privacy. In addition, many other federal and state laws may be applicable to a particular biobank, researcher, or project. US law also does not directly address international sharing of data or specimens outside of the EU–US Safe Harbor Agreement, which only applies to receipt of data by certain US entities from EU countries, and is in the process of revision. Although new rules would help clarify privacy protections in biobanking, any implemented changes should be studied to determine the sufficiency of the protections as well as its ability to facilitate or hinder international collaborations.

scholarly journals Changes in firearm mortality following the implementation of state laws regulating firearm access and use

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (26) ◽  
pp. 14906-14910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry L. Schell ◽  
Matthew Cefalu ◽  
Beth Ann Griffin ◽  
Rosanna Smart ◽  
Andrew R. Morral
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Methods ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
State Level ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Policy Regime ◽  
Gun Policy ◽  
State Laws ◽  
Joint Effects ◽  
The Us ◽  
Gun Laws

Although 39,000 individuals die annually from gunshots in the US, research examining the effects of laws designed to reduce these deaths has sometimes produced inconclusive or contradictory findings. We evaluated the effects on total firearm-related deaths of three classes of gun laws: child access prevention (CAP), right-to-carry (RTC), and stand your ground (SYG) laws. The analyses exploit changes in these state-level policies from 1970 to 2016, using Bayesian methods and a modeling approach that addresses several methodological limitations of prior gun policy evaluations. CAP laws showed the strongest evidence of an association with firearm-related death rate, with a probability of 0.97 that the death rate declined at 6 y after implementation. In contrast, the probability of being associated with an increase in firearm-related deaths was 0.87 for RTC laws and 0.77 for SYG laws. The joint effects of these laws indicate that the restrictive gun policy regime (having a CAP law without an RTC or SYG law) has a 0.98 probability of being associated with a reduction in firearm-related deaths relative to the permissive policy regime. This estimated effect corresponds to an 11% reduction in firearm-related deaths relative to the permissive legal regime. Our findings suggest that a small but meaningful decrease in firearm-related deaths may be associated with the implementation of more restrictive gun policies.

Accidental Overdose Deaths in Oklahoma, 2002–2017: Opioid and Methamphetamine Trends

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 672-678
Author(s):  
Rachel Bonk ◽  
Ross J Miller ◽  
Joshua Lanter ◽  
Cheryl Niblo ◽  
Jesse Kemp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Overdose ◽  
Sharp Increase ◽  
The State ◽  
Prescription Opioids ◽  
Opioid Epidemic ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Synthetic Opioids ◽  
Accidental Overdose ◽  
Overdose Deaths

Abstract To evaluate trends related to accidental overdose deaths in Oklahoma, with a focus on opioids and methamphetamine. All accidental drug overdose deaths in the state of Oklahoma from 2002 to 2017 were reviewed. Opioids were grouped into the following categories: all opioids, prescription opioids, synthetic opioids and heroin. Age-adjusted death rates for methamphetamine and each opioid category were calculated and analyzed. Accidental overdoses accounted for 9,936 deaths during the study period. Of these, opioids were seen in 62.9%, with prescription opioids comprising 53.8%, synthetic opioids 10.3% and heroin 2.8%. Synthetic opioids, despite a recent upward nationwide trend, showed a slight overall decrease (−6.8%) from 2009 to 2017. In contrast, methamphetamine showed a 402.2% increase from 2009 to 2017 and an overall increase of 1,526.7%. Methamphetamine was involved in the most overdoses (1,963), followed by oxycodone (1,724). Opioid-related deaths were most common among white individuals (90.3%) and showed a slight male predilection (56.9%). With the intent of assessing the opioid epidemic as it relates to accidental overdoses in Oklahoma, this study suggests that opioid-related overdoses have slowed in recent years amidst a sharp increase in methamphetamine deaths.

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