ACUTE TOXICITY AND PATHOLOGICAL EFFECT OF ANNONA SQUAMOSA SEED AND LEAF EXTRACTS ON THE TISSUES OF CYPRINUS CARPIO.

The present study was focused on the concentration-dependent changes in oral acute toxicity of leaf extracts of E. fluctuans in zebrafish. The study was also aimed at the details of histopathological changes in the gill, liver, brain, and intestine of zebrafish exposed to the leaf extracts of the plant E. fluctuans. Enydra fluctuans Lour is an edible semiaquatic herbaceous plant used widely for the alleviation of the different diseases. Since there were no toxicity studies conducted on this plant, the present study was an attempt to look into the elements of toxicity of the plants. Two types of experiments are conducted in the present study. First, the acute oral toxicity study was conducted as per the OECD guidelines 203. Second, histopathological changes were observed in the fishes exposed to the lethal concentrations of plant extract. The oral acute toxicity studies conducted on Zebrafish have revealed that the leave extracts of E. fluctuans were toxic to the tested fish at the concentration of 200 mg/kg body weight. The histopathological studies conducted on the intestine of treated fishes showed that treatment has induced rupturing of the villi structure and fusion of villi the membrane and detachment of the villi structure from the basal membrane of the intestine. The histology of the liver also showed severe vacuolization in the cells while it is not affected in control. The studies on gills showed the detachment of the basal epithelial membrane in the gills compared to control which might have led to death of the fish. The histopathological observations of brain tissues treated with test samples also revealed the marked impingement in the brain parenchyma while the control is normal without impingement of the brain.

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Antimalarial Activity of Cordia africana (Lam.) (Boraginaceae) Leaf Extracts and Solvent Fractions in Plasmodium berghei-Infected Mice

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2019/8324596 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash ◽

Dayananda Bhoumik ◽

Birhanetensay Masresha Altaye ◽

Helen Bitew Tareke ◽

Brhane Teklebrhan Assefa

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Plasmodium Berghei ◽

Antimalarial Activity ◽

Lethal Dose ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Chloroform Fraction ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Suppression Test ◽

Cordia Africana

Background. Malaria remains a major worldwide public health problem leading to death of millions of people. Spread and emergence of antimalarial drug resistance are the major challenge in malaria control. Medicinal plants are the key source of new effective antimalarial agents. Cordia africana (Lam.) is widely used for traditional management of malaria by local people in different parts of Ethiopia. The present study aimed to evaluate in vivo antimalarial effects of leaf extracts and solvent fractions of Cordia africana on Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Methods. The leaf extracts were prepared and tested for oral acute toxicity according to the OECD guideline. In vivo antimalarial effects of various doses of C. africana extracts and solvent fractions were determined using the four-day suppression test (both crude and fractions), as well as curative and chemoprophylactic tests (crude extracts). Results. The acute toxicity test of the plant extract revealed that the medium lethal dose is higher than 2000 mg/kg. The crude extract of the plant exhibited significant parasitemia suppression in the four-day suppression (51.19%), curative (57.14%), and prophylactic (46.48%) tests at 600 mg/kg. The n-butanol fraction exhibited the highest chemosuppression (55.62%) at 400 mg/kg, followed by the chloroform fraction (45.04%) at the same dose. Conclusion. Our findings indicated that both the crude leaf extracts and fractions of C. africana possess antimalarial effects, supporting the traditional claim of the plant.

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TOXICIDADE AGUDA DE HERBICIDAS E INSETICIDA UTILIZADOS NA CULTURA DO ARROZ IRRIGADO SOBRE JUVENIS DE CARPA ( Cyprinus carpio)

Pesticidas Revista de Ecotoxicologia e Meio Ambiente ◽

10.5380/pes.v12i0.3150 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

CHARRID RESGALLA JUNIOR ◽

JOSÉ ALBERTO NOLDIN ◽

ANDRÉ LIMA DOS SANTOS ◽

GOSUKE SATO ◽

DOMINGOS SÁVIO EBERHARDT

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Cyprinus Carpio ◽

Risk Index ◽

Rio Grande ◽

Rio Grande Do Sul ◽

Santa Catarina ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Carp Cyprinus Carpio ◽

Low Toxicity ◽

Social Importance

A cultura do arroz irrigado apresenta grande importância econômica e social nos Estados de Santa Catarina e no Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil) e destaca-se também pelo uso intenso de agroquímicos, especialmente herbicidas e inseticidas. Experimentos foram conduzidos em laboratório para avaliar a toxicidade aguda de alguns agroquímicos utilizados em arroz irrigado, visando estabelecer as concentrações de risco bem como os possíveis efeitos que tais produtos possam apresentar sobre organismos não alvo. A espécie empregada como indicadora foi a carpa-comum em função da sua utilização em consórcios de arroz com peixe. Foram testados individualmente os herbicidas Ally (Metsulfuron), Gamit (Clomazone), Goal (Oxifluorfen), Ronstar (Oxadiazon) e Sirius (Pirazosulfuron) e o inseticida Furadan (Carbofuran). Os resultados indicaram grande variação entre os produtos quanto à toxicidade para a espécie testada. O índice de segurança, estimado pela relação entre a CL50 e a concentração provável utilizada na lavoura, foi de 0,82; 2,76; 5,93; 8,87; 13,94; 4.000 e 7.878, respectivamente para os agroquímicos Furadan, Ronstar, Goal, Facet, Gamit, Sirius e Ally. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho evidenciam que os produtos Furadan, Ronstar, Goal, Facet e Gamit apresentam maiores riscos ambientais e cuidados devem ser adotados após a aplicação no sentido de evitar o deslocamento dos mesmos para fora das lavouras. Os herbicidas Ally e Sirius apresentam valores elevados de CL50, demonstrando baixa toxicidade para carpa. ACUTE TOXICITY OF HERBICIDES AND INSECTICIDES APPLIED IN WATER-SEEDED RICE TO JUVENILE CARP (Cyprinus carpio) Abstract The water-seeded rice culture presents great economical and social importance in the states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul and stands out by the intense utilization of agro-chemicals, mainly herbicides and inseticides. Studies were carried out in laboratory to evaluate the acute toxicity of some agro-chemicals utilized in water seeded rice, aiming to establish the risk concentrations as well as positive effects wich the products may present in non-target organisms. The species used as indicator was common carp ( Cyprinus carpio), in function of its utilization in association of rice and fish. The herbicides Ally (Metsulfuron-methyl), Gamit (Clomazone), Goal (Oxyfluorfen), Ronstar (Oxadiazon) and Sirius (Pyrazosulfuron) and the insecticide Furadan (Carbofuran) were tested, individually, in variable concentrations. The results suggested large variation among chemicals in the toxicity to carp. The risk index, estimated dividing the CL50 by the estimated concentration found in the field considering the label rate, was 0,82; 2,76; 5,93; 8,87; 13,94; 4.000 and 7.878; respectively for Furadan, Ronstar, Goal, Facet, Gamit, Sirius and Ally. The results of this work shows evidences that the insecticide Furadan, and the herbicides Ronstar, Goal, Facet and Gamit present greater environmental risks and manners should be adopted after the application in the sense of avoiding the deslocation for outside plantations. The CL50 96 hours to carp for the herbicides Ally and Sirius is very high, showing low toxicity to Cyprinus carpio.

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