scholarly journals Overview of Different Waste Treatment Methods

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (03) ◽  
pp. 33-35
Author(s):  
Nida Tabassum Khan ◽  
Namra Jameel ◽  
Maham Jamil Khan
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Harmful Effects

Wastes including chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, refractory organic compounds, aromatic derivatives, radionuclides etc., poses a serious threat to the environment. Therefore numerous in situ /ex situ treatment method are formulated to remove or immobilize such contaminates occurring in soil, water or air to minimize its harmful effects.

Tip Treatment

2021 ◽  
pp. 343-358
Author(s):  
C. Julian Chen
Keyword(s):  
Tungsten Wire ◽  
High Field ◽  
Electrochemical Etching ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Spin Polarized ◽  
Afm Tips

This chapter discusses various methods for tip treatment. First, a general discussion about the experimental facts of STM and AFM tips is presented, which points to the subtleties and significance of the last few atoms at the tip apex. The standard method of making an STM tip is the electrochemical etching of a tungsten wire. The experimental procedure is described in detail. The study of the tip using field-ion microscopy is outlined. The tungsten tips freshly made from electrochemical etching often do not provide atomic resolution. Ex-situ and in-situ tip treatments are necessary. Several ex-situ tip treatment methods are described, inducing annealing, field evaporation, and annealing with a field. In-situ tip treatment method such as high-field treatment and controlled collision are described. Then, tip treatment for electrochemical STM is described. Tip treatment methods for spin-polarized STM are described. Finally, tip functionalization, especially with Xe atom and CO molecule, is described.

In-situ, Ex-situ, and nano-remediation strategies to treat polluted soil, water, and air – A review

Chemosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 133252
Author(s):  
Asim Hussain ◽  
Fazeelat Rehman ◽  
Hamza Rafeeq ◽  
Muhammad Waqas ◽  
Asma Asghar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Polluted Soil ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Remediation Strategies

A new concept of advanced management of hazardous waste in the Republic of Korea

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 1153-1160
Author(s):  
Hyeong-Jin Choi ◽  
Yong Choi ◽  
Seung-Whee Rhee
Keyword(s):  
Hazardous Waste ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Hazardous Wastes ◽  
Waste Generation ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Management Processes ◽  
Final Treatment ◽  
New Form ◽  
The Republic

In order to activate the recycling of hazardous wastes, the hazardous characteristics of wastes should be removed or stabilized. However, most recyclers in recycling companies do not understand how to remove the hazardous characteristics in wastes with the proper technology. The aim of a new form of advanced management of hazardous waste is to inform recyclers and operators in industries about hazardous characteristics and the treatment methods required for all management processes, from waste generation to final treatment. In a new method of advanced management of hazardous wastes, chemicals in the waste should be initially examined at the generation source in each industry to create a chemical catalogue. Since hazardous characteristics can be determined by a chemical catalogue obtained from the waste, the hazardous characteristics of wastes can be established and considered when choosing the proper treatment method. Then, the categories of waste treatment methods for each hazardous characteristic can be introduced for generators to treat hazardous wastes properly. Therefore, it is possible to create a link between the source and the final treatment of hazardous wastes using a new concept of industry (In), waste (W), hazardous chemicals and their hazardous characteristics (Ha) and treatment methods (T). This new concept of the “InWhat” system, which includes all management processes in Korea, from waste generation to final treatment, will be proposed as a tool in the advanced management of hazardous wastes.

scholarly journals Hexachlorocyclohexane toxicity in water bodies of Pakistan: challenges and possible reclamation technologies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Talat Ara ◽  
Waqar-Un Nisa ◽  
Muzammil Anjum ◽  
Luqman Riaz ◽  
Aansa Rukya Saleem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Agricultural Runoff ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Indus Basin ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
In Situ Remediation ◽  
Residual Concentration

Abstract Pakistan is an agro-economy country where the hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) pesticides is being used to improve the crop productivity, as a result, the risk of contamination of soil and sediment has been increased. HCH exhibits all the characteristics of persistent organic pollutants (POP), therefore; added to the list of ‘new POPs’ in 2009. This review report revealed that the major rivers of Pakistan such as Indus Basin, River Ravi, River Chenab and their tributaries all are contaminated with HCH and the highest residual concentration (4,090 ng/g) was detected in pesticide burial ground in Hyderabad city. Major sources of HCH contamination were identified as agricultural runoff, discharge of untreated industrial effluents and surface runoff. In order to manage HCH pollution, various ex-situ and in-situ remediation techniques along with their merits and demerits are thoroughly reviewed. Among these, microbial bioremediation is low cost, environment friendly, effective in-situ remediation technique for remediation of HCH. Overall, the information provided in this manuscript will provide a future reference to the scientific community and bridge the knowledge gap between HCH release in environment and their mitigation through proper treatment method.

An in situ and ex situ TEM study of the formation of thin cobalt silicide films by molecular beam epitaxy on the silicon (100) surface

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 884-885
Author(s):  
D. Loretto ◽  
J. M. Gibson ◽  
S. M. Yalisove ◽  
R. T. Tung
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Beam Epitaxy ◽  
Molecular Beam ◽  
Defect Density ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Ultra High Vacuum ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Metal Base ◽  
In Situ Experiments ◽  
Potential Applications

The cobalt disilicide/silicon system has potential applications as a metal-base and as a permeable-base transistor. Although thin, low defect density, films of CoSi2 on Si(111) have been successfully grown, there are reasons to believe that Si(100)/CoSi2 may be better suited to the transmission of electrons at the silicon/silicide interface than Si(111)/CoSi2. A TEM study of the formation of CoSi2 on Si(100) is therefore being conducted. We have previously reported TEM observations on Si(111)/CoSi2 grown both in situ, in an ultra high vacuum (UHV) TEM and ex situ, in a conventional Molecular Beam Epitaxy system.The procedures used for the MBE growth have been described elsewhere. In situ experiments were performed in a JEOL 200CX electron microscope, extensively modified to give a vacuum of better than 10-9 T in the specimen region and the capacity to do in situ sample heating and deposition. Cobalt was deposited onto clean Si(100) samples by thermal evaporation from cobalt-coated Ta filaments.

The use of transmission and analytical electron microscopy in studying reactions and phase transformations in thin film

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 842-843
Author(s):  
K. Barmak
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Thin Films ◽  
Phase Transformations ◽  
Analytical Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Multilayer Thin Films ◽  
Absolute Concentration ◽  
Analytical Electron ◽  
Deposition Step

Generally, processing of thin films involves several annealing steps in addition to the deposition step. During the annealing steps, diffusion, transformations and reactions take place. In this paper, examples of the use of TEM and AEM for ex situ and in situ studies of reactions and phase transformations in thin films will be presented.The ex situ studies were carried out on Nb/Al multilayer thin films annealed to different stages of reaction. Figure 1 shows a multilayer with dNb = 383 and dAl = 117 nm annealed at 750°C for 4 hours. As can be seen in the micrograph, there are four phases, Nb/Nb3-xAl/Nb2-xAl/NbAl3, present in the film at this stage of the reaction. The composition of each of the four regions marked 1-4 was obtained by EDX analysis. The absolute concentration in each region could not be determined due to the lack of thickness and geometry parameters that were required to make the necessary absorption and fluorescence corrections.

Transmission Electron Microscopy of Epitaxial silicides grown by ultra high vacuum deposition

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 462-463
Author(s):  
D. Loretto ◽  
J. M. Gibson ◽  
S. M. Yalisove
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Energy Electron ◽  
Ultra High Vacuum ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Transmission Electron

The silicides CoSi2 and NiSi2 are both metallic with the fee flourite structure and lattice constants which are close to silicon (1.2% and 0.6% smaller at room temperature respectively) Consequently epitaxial cobalt and nickel disilicide can be grown on silicon. If these layers are formed by ultra high vacuum (UHV) deposition (also known as molecular beam epitaxy or MBE) their thickness can be controlled to within a few monolayers. Such ultrathin metal/silicon systems have many potential applications: for example electronic devices based on ballistic transport. They also provide a model system to study the properties of heterointerfaces. In this work we will discuss results obtained using in situ and ex situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM).In situ TEM is suited to the study of MBE growth for several reasons. It offers high spatial resolution and the ability to penetrate many monolayers of material. This is in contrast to the techniques which are usually employed for in situ measurements in MBE, for example low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED), which are both sensitive to only a few monolayers at the surface.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document