INTERACTIONS BETWEEN BIOGEOCHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT AND SUSPENDED OYSTER FARMING IN SHIZUGAWA BAY, JAPAN

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yizhe Zheng ◽  
Yizhe Zheng ◽  
Kyohei Hayashi ◽  
Kyohei Hayashi ◽  
Takumi Matsuno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Coastal Environments ◽  
Mixing Rate ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
Coastal Marine ◽  
Shellfish Farming ◽  
Northeastern Japan ◽  
Oyster Farm ◽  
Ecologically Sustainable

The impacts of human-induced changes in coastal environments on shellfish farming need to be mitigated. Suspended farming species, such as oysters, greatly impact planktonic communities and benthic environments via filter feeding and bio-deposition. To more effec-tively manage coastal environments and achieve ecologically sustainable shellfish farming, interactions between coastal marine environments and aquaculture activities need to be properly assessed. We examined interactions between coastal biogeochemical environments and suspended oyster farming in Shizugawa Bay of northeastern Japan. We found that particulate organic matter (POM) produced at the oyster farm (e.g., exfoliated periphyton and/or oyster feces) locally increased the concentrations of chlorophyll a and daytime dis-solved oxygen in the bottom layer. Based on the estimated budget of POM at the bay scale, the oyster feeding rate was a couple of orders of magnitude lower than the net primary production and POM inputs at the bay boundaries (e.g., offshore and in rivers). The rela-tively high exposure of the bay and high seawater mixing rate may explain the lack of mac-roscale environmental impacts of oyster cultures at the bay scale. We also found that despite the oligotrophic environment, the oyster growth rate was higher in the bay, compared with previous estimates in other coastal areas. To understand the mechanisms sustaining the production of phytoplankton and oysters, further examinations from the perspective of nu-trient cycling in the bay are required.

INTERACTIONS BETWEEN BIOGEOCHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT AND SUSPENDED OYSTER FARMING IN SHIZUGAWA BAY, JAPAN

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yizhe Zheng ◽  
Yizhe Zheng ◽  
Kyohei Hayashi ◽  
Kyohei Hayashi ◽  
Takumi Matsuno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Coastal Environments ◽  
Mixing Rate ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
Coastal Marine ◽  
Shellfish Farming ◽  
Northeastern Japan ◽  
Oyster Farm ◽  
Ecologically Sustainable

The impacts of human-induced changes in coastal environments on shellfish farming need to be mitigated. Suspended farming species, such as oysters, greatly impact planktonic communities and benthic environments via filter feeding and bio-deposition. To more effec-tively manage coastal environments and achieve ecologically sustainable shellfish farming, interactions between coastal marine environments and aquaculture activities need to be properly assessed. We examined interactions between coastal biogeochemical environments and suspended oyster farming in Shizugawa Bay of northeastern Japan. We found that particulate organic matter (POM) produced at the oyster farm (e.g., exfoliated periphyton and/or oyster feces) locally increased the concentrations of chlorophyll a and daytime dis-solved oxygen in the bottom layer. Based on the estimated budget of POM at the bay scale, the oyster feeding rate was a couple of orders of magnitude lower than the net primary production and POM inputs at the bay boundaries (e.g., offshore and in rivers). The rela-tively high exposure of the bay and high seawater mixing rate may explain the lack of mac-roscale environmental impacts of oyster cultures at the bay scale. We also found that despite the oligotrophic environment, the oyster growth rate was higher in the bay, compared with previous estimates in other coastal areas. To understand the mechanisms sustaining the production of phytoplankton and oysters, further examinations from the perspective of nu-trient cycling in the bay are required.

Habitat Mapping for Human Well-Being: a tool for reducing risk in disaster-prone coastal environments and human communities

2021 ◽  
pp. SP505-2021-26
Author(s):  
Yuri Oki ◽  
Hiroshi Kitazato ◽  
Toyonobu Fujii ◽  
Soichiro Yasukawa
Keyword(s):  
Salt Marshes ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Coastal Ecosystems ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Coastal Marine ◽  
Coastal Species ◽  
Northeastern Japan ◽  
The Pacific

AbstractCoastal ecosystems consist of diverse habitats, such as reed beds, salt marshes, mangrove swamps, tidal flats, river deltas, seagrass fields, coral reefs, sandy/rocky-shore beaches and other habitats that harbour biodiversity. The Great East Japan Earthquake of March 2011 caused severe damage to one-third of the fishing communities along the Pacific Ocean of northeastern Japan. Coastal species, such as seagrasses, function as nursery areas for commercially important species. Coastal ecosystems provide natural infrastructure for the prevention and reduction of hazardous events, a process known as ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction (Eco-DRR). The preparation of topographic and thematic maps of coastal marine environments is essential to establish and visualise the concept of Eco-DRR. Experience gained following the Japanese earthquake, as well as examples from Indonesia and Thailand in the wake of 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami showed that Eco-DRR is an affordable and sustainable approach. Dissemination of habitat maps should be further promoted as a means to ‘Build Back Better’. To scale up and promote Eco-DRR, scientists must work in a transdisciplinary manner and engage with society through understanding the roles of ecosystems by monitoring and analysing, providing solutions and raising the awareness of community and policy makers, enabling them to better implement Eco-DRR.

scholarly journals Uso de biomarcadores en la evaluación ambiental de ecosistemas marinos en América

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
A.H Arias ◽  
T. Recabarren Villalón ◽  
A.C. Ronda
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Coastal Environments ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
American Continent ◽  
Coastal Marine ◽  
Environmental Status ◽  
Multiple Biomarkers ◽  
Practical Tool ◽  
Marine Environmental

The use of biomarkers in the assessment of the marine environmental status offers an integrated approach to the effects caused by diverse pollutants. This article compiles and analyzes the original research on the study of possible biomarkers in wild coastal-marine organisms from America. One of the outcomes of this review research is the need for a continuous evaluation of organisms in conjunction with the assessment of environmental vari-ables and the levels of pollutants that may be found in any ecosystem. It is well stated that the use of biomarkers is a practical tool for the environmental management; however, some limitations apply and there are several questions in regards to specificity, sensibility, usability, replicability, and interpretation to be solved, yet. Along the American continent, multiple biomarkers have been used to evaluate specific pollutants or highly impacted zones at marine-coastal environments. The most commonly used organisms are fishes and bivalves and they have been also extensively used in marine turtles. In regards of the type of biomarkers, plenty of authors integrate biomarkers from different groups, sorted in this review as biometric biomarkers (morphologic and corporal in-dexes), histological biomarkers (for tissues), molecular biomarkers (genetic) and biochemical and physiological biomarkers (both at the cellular and molecular levels). Following this classification, the most used biomarkers were biochemical and physiological biomarkers, due to the great advantages and information that they provide. It is of utmost importance to set guidelines and referenced threshold values for each biomarker to allow the early environmental diagnosis and integrated evaluation of harmful pollutants effects. Keywords: Biomarkers, environmental assessment, America.

Schizocladia ischiensis organellar genomes: estimating the origin of multicellularity in heterokonts and the emergence of shallow ocean ecosystems

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi Phillips ◽  
Edward L. Braun ◽  
Jeffrey Boore ◽  
Brian Cheda ◽  
Mathew P. Salomon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brown Algae ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
Coastal Ecosystems ◽  
Coastal Environments ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Organellar Genomes ◽  
Time Estimates ◽  
Coastal Marine ◽  
Benthic Ecosystems ◽  
Fossil Records

Abstract Background Brown algae are key members of coastal marine ecosystems and the most recent eukaryotic lineage to transition to multicellularity. Browns are members of a heterogeneous assemblage of organisms, heterokonts, that include photosynthetic plankton, (e.g. diatoms) and non-photosynthetic taxa like the pseudofungi or labyrinthulas. We hypothesized that the origin of brown algae would coincide with the assembly of shallow coastal ecosystems. Testing this hypothesis required a robust estimate of the timeframe for the origin of multicellularity in the Gyristan (lineage including Oomycota and Ochrophyta) heterokonts and the diversification of the brown algae. A relaxed clock analysis that included organellar data from the closest sister of brown algae, Schizocladia ischiensis and other heterokonts enabled a robust estimation of this timeframe. Results Consistent with Gyristan heterokonts, the plastid and mitochondrial genomes of S. ischiensis were circular (cp ~138,101 bp, mt ~ 41,773 bp) with similar genes and genome architecture. The comparison of its organellar protein-coding genes with those of other heterokonts (21 cpDNA, 28 mtDNA) including outgroups were used to estimate the following divergence times: (1) The Gyristan assemblage split into autotrophic (Ochrophyta) and heterotrophic (Oomycetes) clades in the Paleozoic (~ 457 Ma) with the transition to multicellularity early in the Mesozoic. (2) Several phytoplankton lineages (e.g., Diatoms) diversified toward the end of the Mesozoic into the Cenozoic consistent with paleontological records and estimated stable oceanic conditions. (3) The brown algae, main architects of key coastal benthic ecosystems, arose toward the end of the Mesozoic with main lineages like the kelps or rockweeds diversifying into the Cenozoic. These divergences were consistent with fossil records and physical data for the emergence of shallow water coastal environments. Conclusions S. ischiensis’ organellar genomes combined with robust multigene phylogenomic molecular clock analyses placed the origin of brown algae late in the Mesozoic consistent to paleontological time estimates and plate tectonic models for the emergence of shallow coastal environments. These data robustly supported the hypothesis that the origin and diversification of brown algae was central to the assembly of rocky shallow coastal ecosystems. Furthermore, important communities like kelps forests or rockweed beds are relatively recent marine ecosystems.

scholarly journals Amphipods as biomonitors of marine coastal environments: a Chatham Island case study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Chanelle Seabrook
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Trace Metals ◽  
Trace Metal ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Amphipod Species ◽  
Coastal Environments ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Metal Concentrations ◽  
Coastal Marine

<p>New Zealand’s coastal marine environment has high economic, social and cultural importance. In order to manage, preserve and safely enjoy coastal environments and their resources, a good understanding of their biochemistry is required. Biomonitors provide a mechanism for monitoring changes in an environment especially in measuring metals entering the food chain. Trace metals are non-biodegradable, have the ability to become highly toxic to biota at relatively low concentrations, and bio-magnify up the food chain. Amphipods, a diverse order of crustacea, are widespread, abundant, relatively sedentary and important at the base of the food web. Furthermore, amphipods bioaccumulate pollutants through multiple sources, including seawater, sediment and their diet, and may thus provide a comprehensive insight into the chemistry of an environment.  This study investigates the trace metal chemistry of amphipods and associated algae, seawater and sediment, from coastal marine sites around Chatham Island. Samples were obtained from 11 coastal localities with the sampling sites located near potential point pollutants and on distinct basement lithologies, as well as a site identified by Te Aitanga o Ngā Uri o Wharekauri as relatively pristine. Three algal-dwelling amphipods (Aora sp. 1, Apohyale sp. 1, Eusiroides sp. 1) and one sand hopper species (Bellorchestia chathamensis (Hurley, 1956)) were found to be the most abundant and ubiquitous species collected. Sites were prioritised based on the abundances of these amphipod species and samples were analysed for >35 trace elements. Spatial and interspecific variations were observed for all amphipod species investigated. Eusiroides sp. 1 was the most sensitive algal-dwelling amphipod species analysed and consistently had highest concentrations of trace metals at a given site. No size effect was found for most trace element concentrations in two amphipod species. All three algal-dwelling amphipod species and associated seawater samples from Hanson Point South had elevated concentrations for > 19 trace metals, including potentially ecotoxic trace metals such as Ti, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, and Fe. Arsenic was elevated in the algal-dwelling amphipod species at Owenga and Cd at Kaingaroa West and Cape Pattisson. Trace metal concentrations in the algal-dwelling amphipod specimens were broadly reflected in their associated seawater and/or algae. However there were variations in this, with the Hanson Point South amphipods more closely matching seawater than algae concentration patterns, and the algae at Owenga not showing As elevations noted in the amphipods. This suggests amphipods accumulate metals from a variety of sources, both directly from seawater and variably from algae. Sediments appeared to have little influence on the trace metals bioaccumulated in the amphipod specimens.   Results from this research demonstrate that species and size effects must be considered to rigorously use amphipods as biomonitors. Amphipods appear to provide a better insight to bio-available trace metal contamination compared to the other sample types analysed here. This thesis aids in the development and application of amphipods as biomonitors in New Zealand coastal waters and provides a baseline for sites located across Chatham Island for >30 trace elements. This baseline may be utilized by future studies to investigate temporal variations in trace metal concentrations on Chatham Island.</p>

scholarly journals Amphipods as biomonitors of marine coastal environments: a Chatham Island case study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Chanelle Seabrook
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Trace Metals ◽  
Trace Metal ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Amphipod Species ◽  
Coastal Environments ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Metal Concentrations ◽  
Coastal Marine

<p>New Zealand’s coastal marine environment has high economic, social and cultural importance. In order to manage, preserve and safely enjoy coastal environments and their resources, a good understanding of their biochemistry is required. Biomonitors provide a mechanism for monitoring changes in an environment especially in measuring metals entering the food chain. Trace metals are non-biodegradable, have the ability to become highly toxic to biota at relatively low concentrations, and bio-magnify up the food chain. Amphipods, a diverse order of crustacea, are widespread, abundant, relatively sedentary and important at the base of the food web. Furthermore, amphipods bioaccumulate pollutants through multiple sources, including seawater, sediment and their diet, and may thus provide a comprehensive insight into the chemistry of an environment.  This study investigates the trace metal chemistry of amphipods and associated algae, seawater and sediment, from coastal marine sites around Chatham Island. Samples were obtained from 11 coastal localities with the sampling sites located near potential point pollutants and on distinct basement lithologies, as well as a site identified by Te Aitanga o Ngā Uri o Wharekauri as relatively pristine. Three algal-dwelling amphipods (Aora sp. 1, Apohyale sp. 1, Eusiroides sp. 1) and one sand hopper species (Bellorchestia chathamensis (Hurley, 1956)) were found to be the most abundant and ubiquitous species collected. Sites were prioritised based on the abundances of these amphipod species and samples were analysed for >35 trace elements. Spatial and interspecific variations were observed for all amphipod species investigated. Eusiroides sp. 1 was the most sensitive algal-dwelling amphipod species analysed and consistently had highest concentrations of trace metals at a given site. No size effect was found for most trace element concentrations in two amphipod species. All three algal-dwelling amphipod species and associated seawater samples from Hanson Point South had elevated concentrations for > 19 trace metals, including potentially ecotoxic trace metals such as Ti, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, and Fe. Arsenic was elevated in the algal-dwelling amphipod species at Owenga and Cd at Kaingaroa West and Cape Pattisson. Trace metal concentrations in the algal-dwelling amphipod specimens were broadly reflected in their associated seawater and/or algae. However there were variations in this, with the Hanson Point South amphipods more closely matching seawater than algae concentration patterns, and the algae at Owenga not showing As elevations noted in the amphipods. This suggests amphipods accumulate metals from a variety of sources, both directly from seawater and variably from algae. Sediments appeared to have little influence on the trace metals bioaccumulated in the amphipod specimens.   Results from this research demonstrate that species and size effects must be considered to rigorously use amphipods as biomonitors. Amphipods appear to provide a better insight to bio-available trace metal contamination compared to the other sample types analysed here. This thesis aids in the development and application of amphipods as biomonitors in New Zealand coastal waters and provides a baseline for sites located across Chatham Island for >30 trace elements. This baseline may be utilized by future studies to investigate temporal variations in trace metal concentrations on Chatham Island.</p>

High resolution mapping of nucleic acid containing complexes in vitro and in situ

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 48-49
Author(s):  
D. P. Bazett-Jones ◽  
M. J. Hendzel
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Transcription Initiation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Heavy Atom ◽  
Regulation Of Transcription ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
Resolution Mapping ◽  
Tata Sequence

Structural analysis of combinations of nucleosomes and transcription factors on promoter and enhancer elements is necessary in order to understand the molecular mechanisms responsible for the regulation of transcription initiation. Such complexes are often not amenable to study by high resolution crystallographic techniques. We have been applying electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI) to specific problems in molecular biology related to transcription regulation. There are several advantages that this technique offers in studies of nucleoprotein complexes. First, an intermediate level of spatial resolution can be achieved because heavy atom contrast agents are not necessary. Second, mass and stoichiometric relationships of protein and nucleic acid can be estimated by phosphorus detection, an element in much higher proportions in nucleic acid than protein. Third, wrapping or bending of the DNA by the protein constituents can be observed by phosphorus mapping of the complexes. Even when ESI is used with high exposure of electrons to the specimen, important macromolecular information may be provided. For example, an image of the TATA binding protein (TBP) bound to DNA is shown in the Figure (top panel). It can be seen that the protein distorts the DNA away from itself and much of its mass sits off the DNA helix axis. Moreover, phosphorus and mass estimates demonstrate whether one or two TBP molecules interact with this particular promoter TATA sequence.

Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: An Italian Single-Center Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 85 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 23-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aneta Aleksova ◽  
Rita Belfiore ◽  
Cosimo Carriere ◽  
Salam Kassem ◽  
Salvatore La Carrubba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Vitamin D Status ◽  
High Exposure

Abstract. Background: Hypovitaminosis D is a vitamin deficiency that has been increasing in developed countries; it was also suggested as an emerging risk factor for developing of atherosclerosis and acute myocardial infarction. The primary source of vitamin D is its cutaneous synthesis under exposure to sunlight. It has been suggested that 30 min of sun exposure twice weekly leads to sufficient vitamin D synthesis. The residents of Trieste (Italy) are well-known for their high exposure to sunlight in all seasons. We aimed to investigate the vitamin D status in subjects with acute myocardial infarction living in this area. Methods: Vitamin D status was identified in 478 subjects diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction. Results: The median serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was 14.5 [7.8 - 22.7] ng/mL. Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency were present in 324 (68 %) and 107 (22 %) subjects, respectively. Vitamin D deficiency was less frequent among subjects enrolled in the period from July to the end of September (p < 0.001). In a multivariate analysis vitamin D deficiency was predicted by older age (p = 0.02), female gender (p = 0.002), higher body mass index (p = 0.05), autumn/winter sampling (p < 0.001), increased parathyroid hormone (p = 0.03) and alkaline phosphatase (p = 0.003). Conclusions: We observed very high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among subjects with myocardial infarction in all seasons of enrollment. However, it was lower in the summer when sun exposure is higher. The exposure to sunlight may be a cost-saving therapeutic strategy for the management of vitamin D deficiency.

STRUKTUR KOMUNITAS MAKRO ALGA DI PESISIR PULAU KECAMATAN BULANG

SIMBIOSA ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Notowinarto Notowinarto ◽  
Ramses Ramses ◽  
Mulhairi Mulhairi
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
Algal Communities ◽  
Marine Life ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Abundance Patterns ◽  
Coastal Marine ◽  
Temperature Parameter ◽  
Important Value Index

Bulang districts Batam Islands of  Riau province (Riau Islands), its consists of many islands with as well as having the potential diversity of coastal marine life in particular kinds of macro algae or seaweed. Conducted research aimed to determine the structure of macro- algal communities in the intertidal zone islands. The results of the identification of algal species found 16 species are: the Order of Chlorophyceae as 6 spesies; Order Phaeophyceae as 2 spesies; and Order Rhodophyceae as 8 spesies. The community structure at the five stations showed the highest values were found in the island of dominance Cicir (D ' = 0.79) , uniformity index values on Tengah Island (E ' = 0.99) , while the island Balak had the highest diversity index (H ' = 0.88) , with the abundance patterns of population structure on the island is pretty good Central . Results of correlation analysis of regression between IVI types of algae with the conditions of environmental quality suggests that there is a significance (Fhit ˃ F table and the value of r = > 90 %) between IVI algae Halimeda sp and Cryptarachne polyglandulosa at each station with a temperature parameter surface (⁰C) , depth temperature (⁰C) and pH values. Keywords : Algae, Community Structure, Important Value Index.

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