Current Classification of Antiarrhythmic Drugs as a Guide to Their Rational Clinical Use

Abstract. Introduction: With advances in medicine, our understanding of diseases has deepened and diagnostic criteria have evolved. Currently, the most frequently used diagnostic systems are the ICD (International Classification of Diseases) and the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) to diagnose alcohol-related disorders. Results: In this narrative review, we follow the historical developments in ICD and DSM with their corresponding milestones reflecting the scientific research and medical considerations of their time. The current diagnostic concepts of DSM-5 and ICD-11 and their development are presented. Lastly, we compare these two diagnostic systems and evaluate their practicability in clinical use.

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Changing concepts in current classification of global injuries

Journal of Eye & Cataract Surgery ◽

10.21767/2471-8300-c2-004 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 04 ◽

Author(s):

B Shukla

Keyword(s):

Current Classification

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Insights into phylogenetic relationships and genome evolution of subfamily Commelinoideae (Commelinaceae Mirb.) inferred from complete chloroplast genomes

BMC Genomics ◽

10.1186/s12864-021-07541-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Joonhyung Jung ◽

Changkyun Kim ◽

Joo-Hwan Kim

Keyword(s):

Nucleotide Diversity ◽

Structural Variations ◽

Protein Coding ◽

Protein Coding Genes ◽

Chloroplast Protein ◽

Genome Data ◽

Plastid Genomes ◽

Chloroplast Genomes ◽

Current Classification

Abstract Background Commelinaceae (Commelinales) comprise 41 genera and are widely distributed in both the Old and New Worlds, except in Europe. The relationships among genera in this family have been suggested in several morphological and molecular studies. However, it is difficult to explain their relationships due to high morphological variations and low support values. Currently, many researchers have been using complete chloroplast genome data for inferring the evolution of land plants. In this study, we completed 15 new plastid genome sequences of subfamily Commelinoideae using the Mi-seq platform. We utilized genome data to reveal the structural variations and reconstruct the problematic positions of genera for the first time. Results All examined species of Commelinoideae have three pseudogenes (accD, rpoA, and ycf15), and the former two might be a synapomorphy within Commelinales. Only four species in tribe Commelineae presented IR expansion, which affected duplication of the rpl22 gene. We identified inversions that range from approximately 3 to 15 kb in four taxa (Amischotolype, Belosynapsis, Murdannia, and Streptolirion). The phylogenetic analysis using 77 chloroplast protein-coding genes with maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference suggests that Palisota is most closely related to tribe Commelineae, supported by high support values. This result differs significantly from the current classification of Commelinaceae. Also, we resolved the unclear position of Streptoliriinae and the monophyly of Dichorisandrinae. Among the ten CDS (ndhH, rpoC2, ndhA, rps3, ndhG, ndhD, ccsA, ndhF, matK, and ycf1), which have high nucleotide diversity values (Pi > 0.045) and over 500 bp length, four CDS (ndhH, rpoC2, matK, and ycf1) show that they are congruent with the topology derived from 77 chloroplast protein-coding genes. Conclusions In this study, we provide detailed information on the 15 complete plastid genomes of Commelinoideae taxa. We identified characteristic pseudogenes and nucleotide diversity, which can be used to infer the family evolutionary history. Also, further research is needed to revise the position of Palisota in the current classification of Commelinaceae.

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Morphological and Ultrastructural Characterization of Hemocytes in an Insect Model, the Hematophagous Dipetalogaster maxima (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects12070640 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 640

Author(s):

Natalia R. Moyetta ◽

Fabián O. Ramos ◽

Jimena Leyria ◽

Lilián E. Canavoso ◽

Leonardo L. Fruttero

Keyword(s):

Cell Biology ◽

Cell Types ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Ultrastructural Characterization ◽

Current Classification ◽

Contrast Microscopy ◽

First Time ◽

Controversial Aspect

Hemocytes, the cells present in the hemolymph of insects and other invertebrates, perform several physiological functions, including innate immunity. The current classification of hemocyte types is based mostly on morphological features; however, divergences have emerged among specialists in triatomines, the insect vectors of Chagas’ disease (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Here, we have combined technical approaches in order to characterize the hemocytes from fifth instar nymphs of the triatomine Dipetalogaster maxima. Moreover, in this work we describe, for the first time, the ultrastructural features of D. maxima hemocytes. Using phase contrast microscopy of fresh preparations, five hemocyte populations were identified and further characterized by immunofluorescence, flow cytometry and transmission electron microscopy. The plasmatocytes and the granulocytes were the most abundant cell types, although prohemocytes, adipohemocytes and oenocytes were also found. This work sheds light on a controversial aspect of triatomine cell biology and physiology setting the basis for future in-depth studies directed to address hemocyte classification using non-microscopy-based markers.

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Unsatisfactory agreement using current classification of maculopapular cutaneous mastocytosis

Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology ◽

10.1111/jdv.17563 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 35 (10) ◽

pp. 1917-1918

Author(s):

K. Brockow

Keyword(s):

Current Classification ◽

Cutaneous Mastocytosis

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Introduction of a new AAC symbol classification system: the multidimensional quaternary symbol continuum (MQSC)

Journal of Enabling Technologies ◽

10.1108/jet-04-2021-0024 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Eliada Pampoulou ◽

Donald R. Fuller

Keyword(s):

Peer Review ◽

Classification System ◽

Augmentative And Alternative Communication ◽

Social Issues ◽

Content Type ◽

Design Attributes ◽

Wide Range ◽

Current Classification ◽

Symbol Classification

PurposeWhen the augmentative and alternative communication (ACC) model (Lloyd et al., 1990) was proposed, these components of symbols were not considered, nor were they contemplated when superordinate (Lloyd and Fuller, 1986) and subordinate levels (Fuller et al., 1992) of AAC symbol taxonomy were developed. The purpose of this paper is to revisit the ACC model and propose a new symbol classification system called multidimensional quaternary symbol continuum (MQSC)Design/methodology/approachThe field of AAC is evolving at a rapid rate in terms of its clinical, social, research and theoretical underpinnings. Advances in assessment and intervention methods, technology and social issues are all responsible to some degree for the significant changes that have occurred in the field of AAC over the last 30 years. For example, the number of aided symbol collections has increased almost exponentially over the past couple of decades. The proliferation of such a large variety of symbol collections represents a wide range of design attributes, physical attributes and linguistic characteristics for aided symbols and design attributes and linguistic characteristics for unaided symbols.FindingsTherefore, it may be time to revisit the AAC model and more specifically, one of its transmission processes referred to as the means to represent.Originality/valueThe focus of this theoretical paper then, is on the current classification of symbols, issues with respect to the current classification of symbols in terms of ambiguity of terminology and the evolution of symbols, and a proposal for a new means of classifying the means to represent.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon10.1108/JET-04-2021-0024

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Future perspective for diagnosis in autoimmune diseases

Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências ◽

10.1590/s0001-37652009000300004 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 81 (3) ◽

pp. 367-380 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Luis E. C. Andrade

Keyword(s):

Lupus Erythematosus ◽

Future Perspective ◽

Human Beings ◽

Inflammatory Conditions ◽

Current Classification ◽

Classification Of Diseases ◽

Gene Defects ◽

Clinical Conditions ◽

The Way

Human beings have taken successive approaches for the understanding and management of diseases. Initially brewed in supernatural concepts and mystical procedures, a vigorous scientific approach has emerged on the grounds of fundamental disciplines such as anatomy, microbiology, biochemistry, physiology, immunology, pathology, and pharmacology. The resulting integrated knowledge contributed to the current classification of diseases and the way Medicine is carried out today. Despite considerable progress, this approach is rather insufficient when it comes to systemic inflammatory conditions, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, that covers clinical conditions ranging from mild pauci-symptomatic diseases to rapidly fatal conditions. The treatment for such conditions is often insufficient and novel approaches are needed for further progress in these areas of Medicine. A recent breakthrough has been achieved with respect to chronic auto-inflammatory syndromes, in which molecular dissection of underlying gene defects has provided directions for target-oriented therapy. Such approach may be amenable to application in systemic auto-immune diseases with the comprehension that such conditions may be the consequence of interaction of specific environmental stimuli and an array of several and interconnected gene polymorphisms. On the bulk of this transformation, the application of principles of pharmacogenetics may lead the way towards a progressively stronger personalized Medicine.

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Lost in Classification: Lower Cognitive Functioning in Apparently Cognitive Normal Newly Diagnosed RRMS Patients

Brain Sciences ◽

10.3390/brainsci9110321 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 321 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Marco Pitteri ◽

Stefano Ziccardi ◽

Caterina Dapor ◽

Maddalena Guandalini ◽

Massimiliano Calabrese

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Functioning ◽

Neuropsychological Tests ◽

Continuous Variable ◽

Newly Diagnosed ◽

Cognitively Normal ◽

Relapsing Remitting ◽

Current Classification ◽

Z Scores ◽

Score Index

Cognitive functioning in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients is usually related to the classic, dichotomic classification of impaired vs. unimpaired cognition. However, this approach is far from mirroring the real efficiency of cognitive functioning. Applying a different approach in which cognitive functioning is considered as a continuous variable, we aimed at showing that even newly diagnosed relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS) patients might suffer from reduced cognitive functioning with respect to a matched group of neurologically healthy controls (HCs), even if they were classified as having no cognitive impairment (CI). Fifty newly diagnosed RRMS patients and 36 HCs were tested with an extensive battery of neuropsychological tests. By using Z-scores applied to the whole group of RRMS and HCs together, a measure of cognitive functioning (Z-score index) was calculated. Among the 50 RRMS patients tested, 36 were classified as cognitively normal (CN). Even though classified as CN, RRMS patients performed worse than HCs at a global level (p = 0.004) and, more specifically, in the domains of memory (p = 0.005) and executive functioning (p = 0.006). These results highlight that reduced cognitive functioning can be present early in the disease course, even in patients without an evident CI. The current classification criteria of CI in MS should be considered with caution.

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