Genotoxicity testing of samples generated during UV/H2O2 treatment of surface water for the production of drinking water using the Ames test in vitro and the Comet assay and the SCE test in vivo

AbstractChemical compounds that mimic or block some of the actions of the steroid hormone oestradiol, have created public concern primarily because of potential adverse reproductive effects in wildlife and humans. Many studies, in vivo and in vitro, have revealed abnormal reproductive function following exposure to these compounds. The number of chemicals known to have the potential to modulate endocrine functions is increasing. In contrast to humans and wildlife, the potential reproductive effects of exposure of domestic animals to endocrine disrupting compounds (EDC) have been studied little. The aim of this overview is to evaluate the possible contribution of EDC to reproductive failure in domestic ruminants.Sources and classes of EDC are discussed as well as their structure and the modes of hormone disruption. Endocrine disrupting agents may interfere with the reproductive processes of both males and females at several points of the reproductive cycle and through a range of physiological mechanisms. Extrapolating from the results obtained with laboratory animals, the mechanisms whereby infertility in domestic ruminants might be expressed by exposure to EDC through contaminated food and drinking water are addressed.A preliminary risk assessment is included and it is concluded that under certain circumstances there may be a significantly enhanced intake of oestrogenic hormones and EDC through sewage-contaminated water or soil-contaminated herbage. The physiological consequences for domestic ruminants of EDC ingestion, at the rates estimated, are largely unknown. However, the levels of exposure to oestrogenic hormones and phthalates in grazing ruminants are such that when studying fertility problems in high-yielding dairy cattle the impacts of exposure to endocrine disruptors via the food and drinking water cannot be neglected.

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Human Skin Binding and Absorption of Contaminants from Ground and Surface Water During Swimming and Bathing

Journal of the American College of Toxicology ◽

10.3109/10915818909018044 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 853-859 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Ronald C. Wester ◽

Howard I. Maibach

Keyword(s):

Surface Water ◽

Stratum Corneum ◽

Human Skin ◽

The Body ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Exposure Effect ◽

Human Stratum Corneum ◽

Water Dilution

Contaminants exist in ground and surface water. Human skin has the capacity to bind and then absorb these contaminants into the body during swimming and bathing. Powdered human stratum corneum will bind both lipid-soluble (alachlor, polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs], benzene) and water-soluble (nitroaniline) chemicals. In vitro (human skin) and in vivo (Rhesus monkey) studies show that these chemicals readily distribute into skin, and then some of the chemical is absorbed into the body. Linearity in binding and absorption exists for nitroaniline over a 10-fold concentration range. Multiple exposure to benzene is at least cumulative. Binding and absorption can be significant for exposures as short as 30 min, and will increase with time. Absorption with water dilution increased for alachlor, but not for dinoseb. Soap reversed the partitioning of alachlor between human stratum corneum and water. The PCBs could be removed from skin by soap and water (70% efficiency) for up to 3 h and then decontamination potential decreased, due to continuing skin absorption. The model in vitro and in vivo systems used should permit easy estimation of this area of extensive human exposure effect on risk assessment.

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Evaluation of mutagenicity, genotoxicity and chronic toxicity of antiviral drug imidazolyl ethanamide pentandioic acid in in vitro and in vivo test systems

Journal of microbiology epidemiology immunobiology ◽

10.36233/0372-9311-180 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 98 (5) ◽

pp. 548-557

Author(s):

E. A. Jain ◽

D. Pleimes ◽

A. A. Globenko

Keyword(s):

Oral Administration ◽

Chromosomal Aberrations ◽

Ames Test ◽

Chronic Toxicity ◽

Micronucleus Test ◽

Human Lymphocytes ◽

Antiviral Drug ◽

Systemic Exposure

Introduction. The antiviral properties of imidazolyl ethanamide pentandioic acid (IPA), the active compound of the drug product, has been proven in various experimental models. However, the literature data on the toxicological properties of IPA are limited.Purpose. To evaluate mutagenic and genotoxic properties in in vitro and in vivo models, as well as to study the toxicity of IPA following chronic oral administration to rats and dogs.Materials and methods. Mutagenic and genotoxic properties of IPA were assessed using the Ames test, the test of chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes, and the micronucleus test in rats. The chronic toxicity of IPA was studied in Sprague Dawley rats and beagle dogs of both sexes, to which IPA was administered orally at doses of 30-300 mg/kg/day for 26 and 39 weeks, respectively.Results and discussion. In the Ames test, the addition of IPA up to the maximum dose (5000 mcg/plate) did not result in the increase in the number of revertant colonies. At a concentration of up to 5000 mcg/ml, IPA did not cause chromosomal aberrations in human leukocytes. At doses doses ≤ 2000 mg/kg, IPA did not increase the amount of micronuclei in the bone marrow of rats. In chronic experiments, animals tolerated the administration of IPA well: the dose without an observed effect (NOEL) for rats and dogs was 300 mg/kg/day.Conclusion. IPA did not show mutagenic and genotoxic properties in standard in vitro and in vivo tests. With chronic oral administration to rats and dogs, NOEL IPA equal to 300 mg/kg/day provided a systemic exposure that was 8-10 and 41-65 times higher than that in humans, respectively. The results obtained allow us to consider the safety profile of the prolonged use in humans as favorable.

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Critical issues with the in vivo comet assay: A report of the comet assay working group in the 6th International Workshop on Genotoxicity Testing (IWGT)

Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis ◽

10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.09.006 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 783 ◽

pp. 6-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Günter Speit ◽

Hajime Kojima ◽

Brian Burlinson ◽

Andrew R. Collins ◽

Peter Kasper ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Comet Assay ◽

Working Group ◽

International Workshop ◽

Critical Issues ◽

Genotoxicity Testing

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Taurine Attenuates Carcinogenicity in Ulcerative Colitis-Colorectal Cancer Mouse Model

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity ◽

10.1155/2020/7935917 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Guifeng Wang ◽

Ning Ma ◽

Feng He ◽

Shosuke Kawanishi ◽

Hatasu Kobayashi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Colon Cancer ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Mouse Model ◽

Histopathological Examination ◽

Tumor Formation ◽

Water Model ◽

Control Group ◽

Ki 67

Taurine (2-aminoethane-sulfonic acid) is a type of amino acids and has numerous physiological and therapeutic functions, including anti-inflammation. However, there are few studies on the anticancer action of taurine. Our previous studies have demonstrated that taurine exhibits an apoptosis-inducing effect on human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells in vitro. In this study, we have investigated whether taurine has an anticancer effect, using azoxymethane (AOM)/sulfate sodium (DSS)- induced mouse model for colon carcinogenesis. All mice, except those in control group, received a single intraperitoneal injection of AOM and DSS in the drinking water for 7 days twice, with 1-week interval. After the first DSS treatment, mice were given distilled water (model group) or taurine in the drinking water (taurine group) ad libitum. No tumor was observed in the control group. Taurine significantly suppressed AOM+DSS-induced tumor formation. Histopathological examination revealed AOM/DSS treatment induced colon cancer in all mice (8/8, 100%), and taurine significantly inhibited the progression of colon cancer (4/9, 44.4%). Taurine significantly attenuated cell proliferation in cancer tissues detected by Ki-67 staining. Taurine significantly increased the levels of an apoptosis marker cleaved caspase-9 and tumor suppressor protein PTEN. This is the first study that demonstrated that taurine significantly reduced carcinogenicity in vivo using AOM/DSS-induced colon cancer mouse model.

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