scholarly journals Removal of nickel through sulfide precipitation and characterization of electroplating wastewater sludge

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-357
Author(s):  
Sarah Jerroumi ◽  
Mohammed Amarine ◽  
Hassan Nour ◽  
Brahim Lekhlif ◽  
Jamal Eddine Jamal
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Wastewater Sludge ◽  
Complexing Agents ◽  
Optimal Dosage ◽  
Electroplating Wastewater ◽  
Sulfide Precipitation ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This work consists of the removal of nickel by sulfide precipitation from industrial electroplating wastewater and characterization of the produced sludge. Tests are carried out in a perfectly stirred batch reactor on electroplating industrial solution and synthetic solution prepared in the laboratory. The aim is to evaluate the impact of complexing agents formed during precipitation of metal ions in the industrial effluent. The concentration of nickel in both solutions is 100 mg/L. The operating conditions for the sulfide precipitation process are optimized: pH, molar ratio [S=]/[Ni2+] and dosage of S= ions. For an initial pH of 5 and an equimolar ratio of [S=]/[Ni2+]:1/1, the results show that the removal efficiency of Ni2+ ions is approaching 91 and 94% for industrial and synthetic solutions, respectively. Otherwise, for the same pH value in supersaturation conditions ([S=]/[Ni2+]:1.5/1), the removal efficiency is approaching 62 and 92% for industrial and synthetic solutions, respectively. For an effective metal removal, the optimal dosage of sulfide ions was evaluated. For 33 mg/L of S=, the removal efficiency of Ni2+ is approximately 90%. The resulting sludge has been characterized by X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy and thermal analysis. It consists essentially of millerite and nickel oxide.

Mechanical Modeling and Characterization of the Curing Process of Underfill Materials

2002 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Ernst ◽  
C. van ’t Hof ◽  
D. G. Yang ◽  
M. S. Kiasat ◽  
G. Q. Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Electronic Packages ◽  
Curing Process ◽  
Strain Fields ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Polymer Curing ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into

Thermo-setting polymers are widely used as underfill materials to improve the reliability of electronic packages. In the design phase, the influence of underfill applications on reliability is often judged through thermal and mechanical simulations, under assumed operating conditions. Because of lacking insight into the mechanical processes due to polymer curing, the impact of processing induced residual stress fields is often neglected. To investigate the evolution of stress and strain fields during the curing process it is important to assume a more appropriate starting point for subsequent process modeling. Furthermore, study of possible damage originating from the fabrication process then comes within reach. To facilitate future analysis of stress and strain fields during the curing process a cure dependent constitutive relation is assumed. An approximate investigation method for the process-dependent mechanical properties, based on Dynamic Mechanic Analysis (DMA), is developed. As an illustration the parameter identification is performed for a selected epoxy resin.

Chitosan-ferrocyanide sorbent for Cs-137 removal from mineralized alkaline media

2016 ◽  
Vol 104 (9) ◽  
pp. 657-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrei Egorin ◽  
Eduard Tokar ◽  
Larisa Zemskova
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Potassium Ferrocyanide ◽  
Alkaline Media ◽  
Complexing Agents ◽  
Sodium Ions ◽  
Dynamic Conditions ◽  
High Ph ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ferrocyanide Sorbent

Abstract An organomineral sorbent based on mixed nickel-potassium ferrocyanide and chitosan to be used in removal of Cs-137 radionuclide from highly mineralized media with high pH has been fabricated. The synthesized sorbent was applied to remove Cs-137 from model solutions under static and dynamic conditions. The effects of contact time, pH, and presence of sodium ions and complexing agents in the process of Cs-137 removal have been investigated. The sorbent is distinguished by increased stability to the impact of alkaline media containing complexing agents, whereas the sorbent capacity in solutions with pH 11 exceeds 1000 bed volumes with the Cs-137 removal efficiency higher than 95%.

scholarly journals Impact of Different Electrolytes on the Machining Rate in ECM Process

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
K. G. Saravanan ◽  
R. Prabu ◽  
A. R. Venkataramanan ◽  
Eden Tekle Beyessa
Keyword(s):  
Metal Removal ◽  
Electrochemical Machining ◽  
Tool Material ◽  
Electrochemical Process ◽  
Machining Process ◽  
Complexing Agents ◽  
Workpiece Material ◽  
Electrolysis Process ◽  
Machining Rate ◽  
The Impact

Electrochemical machining is a nonconventional machining process in which the metal removal is achieved by the electricity and chemical solution known as an electrolyte. It is the reverse electrolysis process where the application of electricity facilitates the current travel in between anode and cathode. The mechanism of the ion movement is similar to the electrolysis process. Electrochemical machining (ECM) is a type of advanced machining process which employs electricity to perform the machining process on the workpiece. It is also known as a reverse electroplating process where metal removal is achieved instead of metal deposition on the metal surface. There are various parameters that affect the metal removal process in the ECM process, such as electrolyte, power supply, workpiece material, and tool material. The electrolyte is one of the key factors impacting the machining rate, surface finish, and reliability of the produced parts. In this project, a brief study is carried out regarding the electrochemical process and the electrolytes where the properties, functions, merits, and demerits are evaluated. The impact of the various electrolytes and their suitability for machining of various metals is also discussed. The findings of the effect produced by using the mixture of the electrolyte in the electrochemical machining process are discussed in this project. The effects of the complexing agents on the electrolyte and the electrochemical process as a whole are also reviewed.

scholarly journals Arsenic removal by the micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration using response surface methodology

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 574-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oznur Begum Gokcek ◽  
Nigmet Uzal
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Surfactant Concentration ◽  
Arsenic Removal ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Micellar Enhanced Ultrafiltration ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The present research investigates the removal of arsenic (As) from aqueous solutions using micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) by utilizing two different surfactants: benzethonium chloride and dodecyl pyridinium chloride (BCl and DPCl). The impact of the operating variables and maximum removal efficiency were found under different conditions for BCl and DPCl surfactants. The maximum As rejection efficiency for MEUF with BCl and DPCl surfactants is 92.8% and 84.1%, respectively. In addition to this, a statistics-based experimental design with response surface methodology was used for the purpose of examining the impact of operating conditions, including initial pH, initial As concentration (ppb), and surfactant concentration (BCl, mM) in As-removal from aqueous solutions. In the analysis of the experimental data, a second-order polynomial model that was validated by statistical analysis for the BCl surfactant was used. On the basis of the response model created, the removal of As ions was acquired at optimum operating parameters, including the initial As concentration of 150 ppb, surfactant concentration of 5 mM and pH 10 for the BCl surfactant with 92.8% As-removal efficiency.

scholarly journals The Effect of Iron Ion to the Removal of Nickel Ion From Electroplating Wastewater Using Double Chamber Electrodeposition Cell (DCEC) Reactor

Molekul ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Djaenudin Djaenudin ◽  
Dani Permana
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Ferrous Metal ◽  
Nickel Metal ◽  
Nickel Ion ◽  
Electroplating Wastewater ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Double Chamber

Modern society demands industrial technology advances to produce products that have high durability and long utilization lives. Materials made from ferrous metal become a solution to meet these industry needs. Ferrous metal is corrosive and it requires more care to support the performance. Electroplating or metal coating applied to iron or nickel solves this problem. In the production process, the usage of nickel is only 30%-40% and the remaining 60-70% is wasted through effluent. Nickel is a toxic heavy metal that can cause cancer. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of iron concentration on nickel metal removal in electroplating wastewater using an insulated electrolytic reactor double chamber electrodeposition cell (DCEC). The result of this study shows that any ratio variation of iron concentration to nickel gives varying impacts on nickel removal efficiency, electric current efficiency, and specific energy. On the fourth variation, the iron ratio of 1.29% removed 83.1% nickel (the highest removal efficiency) at the cost of 20.687 kWh / kg specific energy. The number is extremely high for energy needs. On the other hand, the variation of iron ratio of 1.73% consumpting only 15.067 kWh / kg, the lowest specific energy needs, resulted in the lowest removal efficiency of 63.6%.

Effects of Wafer Cleaning Reduction on Metals Removal and Ultrathin Gate Oxide Quality

1997 ◽  
Vol 477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher P. D'Emic ◽  
Stephan Cohen ◽  
Mary Ann Zaitz
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Semiconductor Industry ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Gate Oxide ◽  
Silicon Surfaces ◽  
Wafer Cleaning ◽  
Optimization Of Process Parameters ◽  
Metals Removal ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTThe drive to reduce chemical consumption for cost savings is high in the semiconductor industry. Recently, studies have shown that the traditional 1:1:5 ratios of the SC1, SC2 cleans can be reduced and still maintain good cleaning. The optimization of process parameters must be done in accordance with the type of cleaning tool. Processes in wet decks may be optimized differently from single chamber tools, especially if extended bath lifetimes are expected. In this study, temperature reduction and dilution of the SC1 and SC2 cleans in a wet deck are examined for their effects on metals removal efficiency from silicon surfaces as measured by TRXRF. For an HF, SC1, SC2 sequence, good metal removal can be maintained by dropping the SC1 temperature down to 35°C and chemical ratio to 1:1:40. At too low an SC1 dilution and temperature, the Cu removal efficiency drops. In SC2, good metals removal remains without peroxide and a lower limit for HC1 is determined. It is also found that peroxide must be reduced if HCl is reduced in SC2. otherwise metals plating out from SC1 cannot be removed effectively. To understand the impact of these reduced cleans on gate oxide integrity, the electrical properties of 30 A gate oxides grown using these experimental pre-gate cleans is discussed.

Application of a Pilot-Scale Pulsed Electrocoagulation system to OCC-Based Paper Mill Effluent

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 14-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
YUAN-SHING PERNG ◽  
EUGENE I-CHEN WANG ◽  
SHIH-TSUNG YU ◽  
AN-YI CHANG
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimal Dosage ◽  
Water Quality Indicators ◽  
Paper Mill Effluent ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
True Color

Trends toward closure of white water recirculation loops in papermaking often lead to a need for system modifications. We conducted a pilot-scale study using pulsed electrocoagulation technology to treat the effluent of an old corrugated containerboard (OCC)-based paper mill in order to evaluate its treatment performance. The operating variables were a current density of 0–240 A/m2, a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 8–16 min, and a coagulant (anionic polyacrylamide) dosage of 0–22 mg/L. Water quality indicators investigated were electrical con-ductivity, suspended solids (SS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and true color. The results were encouraging. Under the operating conditions without coagulant addition, the highest removals for conductivity, SS, COD, and true color were 39.8%, 85.7%, 70.5%, and 97.1%, respectively (with an HRT of 16 min). The use of a coagulant enhanced the removal of both conductivity and COD. With an optimal dosage of 20 mg/L and a shortened HRT of 10 min, the highest removal achieved for the four water quality indicators were 37.7%, 88.7%, 74.2%, and 91.7%, respectively. The water qualities thus attained should be adequate to allow reuse of a substantial portion of the treated effluent as process water makeup in papermaking.

Truck Tire Operating Temperatures on Flat and Curved Test Surfaces

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. LaClair ◽  
C. Zarak
Keyword(s):  
Flat Surface ◽  
Operating Temperature ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Load Pressure ◽  
Truck Tire ◽  
Endurance Testing ◽  
Operating Temperatures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Tread Rubber ◽  
Cylindrical Test

Abstract Operating temperature is critical to the endurance life of a tire. Fundamental differences between operations of a tire on a flat surface, as experienced in normal highway use, and on a cylindrical test drum may result in a substantially higher tire temperature in the latter case. Nonetheless, cylindrical road wheels are widely used in the industry for tire endurance testing. This paper discusses the important effects of surface curvature on truck tire endurance testing and highlights the impact that curvature has on tire operating temperature. Temperature measurements made during testing on flat and curved surfaces under a range of load, pressure and speed conditions are presented. New tires and re-treaded tires of the same casing construction were evaluated to determine the effect that the tread rubber and pattern have on operating temperatures on the flat and curved test surfaces. The results of this study are used to suggest conditions on a road wheel that provide highway-equivalent operating conditions for truck tire endurance testing.

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