scholarly journals Multivariate analysis of the pressure variation in intermittent water supply systems and the impact ondemand satisfaction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús Rubén Sánchez-Navarro ◽  
David H. Sánchez ◽  
Carmen J. Navarro-Gómez ◽  
Eduardo Herrera Peraza
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Time Required ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In intermittent drinking water distribution systems, large volumes of the water are wasted due to leaks in the distribution networks. Similarly, user service is not always satisfied in the time required to fill the storage, nor with sufficient pressure. Hence the importance of this study. Measuring the variability of pressure in the distribution network and determining the factors that influence the definition of a sufficient minimum hours of service, is a first step to change to a continuous service 24/7, in order to minimize the volumes of lost water and meet demand. 347 pressure sensors were placed in a network to detect changes in pressure and obtain data for three years. This study presents a new approach to determine the operating policy of the operating agency that provides the service intermittently. Two objectives are pursued: pressure variability – to minimize Leaks – and define the minimum hours of service. The analysis was performed using multivariate statistical techniques, including Principal Component Analysis, Correlation Matrix and ANOVA's, to explore the association between objectives. The results obtained show that the pressure distribution has a Gaussian behavior and that the hours of service has a Poisson distribution.

scholarly journals Online modelling of water distribution systems: a UK case study

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Machell ◽  
S. R. Mounce ◽  
J. B. Boxall
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Data Transfer ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Hydraulic simulation models of water distribution networks are routinely used for operational investigations and network design purposes. However, their full potential is often never realised because, in the majority of cases, they have been calibrated with data collected manually from the field during a single historic time period and, as such, reflect the network operational conditions that were prevalent at that time, and they are then applied as part of a reactive, desktop investigation. In order to use a hydraulic model to assist proactive distribution network management its element asset information must be up to date and it should be able to access current network information to drive simulations. Historically this advance has been restricted by the high cost of collecting and transferring the necessary field measurements. However, recent innovation and cost reductions associated with data transfer is resulting in collection of data from increasing numbers of sensors in water supply systems, and automatic transfer of the data to point of use. This means engineers potentially have access to a constant stream of current network data that enables a new era of "on-line" modelling that can be used to continually assess standards of service compliance for pressure and reduce the impact of network events, such as mains bursts, on customers. A case study is presented here that shows how an online modelling system can give timely warning of changes from normal network operation, providing capacity to minimise customer impact.

scholarly journals Online modelling of water distribution systems: a UK case study

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Machell ◽  
S. R. Mounce ◽  
J. B. Boxall
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Data Transfer ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Hydraulic simulation models of water distribution networks are routinely used for operational investigations and network design purposes. However, their full potential is often never realised because, in the majority of cases, they have been calibrated with data collected manually from the field during a single historic time period and, as such, reflect the network operational conditions that were prevalent at that time, and they are then applied as part of a reactive, desktop investigation. In order to use a hydraulic model to assist proactive distribution network management its element asset information must be up to date and it should be able to access current network information to drive simulations. Historically this advance has been restricted by the high cost of collecting and transferring the necessary field measurements. However, recent innovation and cost reductions associated with data transfer is resulting in collection of data from increasing numbers of sensors in water supply systems, and automatic transfer of the data to point of use. This means engineers potentially have access to a constant stream of current network data that enables a new era of "online" modelling that can be used to continually assess standards of service compliance for pressure and reduce the impact of network events, such as mains bursts, on customers. A case study is presented here that shows how an online modelling system can give timely warning of changes from normal network operation, providing capacity to minimise customer impact.

scholarly journals Trihalomethanes formation in Iranian water supply systems: predicting and modeling

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 859-869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Akbar Babaei ◽  
Leila Atari ◽  
Mehdi Ahmadi ◽  
Kambiz Ahmadiangali ◽  
Mirzaman Zamanzadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Model ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Bromide Ion

Trihalomethanes (THMs) were the first disinfection by-products discovered in drinking water and are classified as probable carcinogens. This study measures and models THMs formation at two drinking water distribution systems (WDS1 and WDS2) in Ahvaz City, Iran. The investigation was based on field-scale investigations and an intensive 36-week sampling program, from January to September 2011. The results showed total THM concentrations in the range 17.4–174.8 μg/L and 18.9–99.5 μg/L in WDS1 and WDS2, respectively. Except in a few cases, the THM concentrations in WDS1 and WDS2 were lower than the maximum contaminant level values. Using two-tailed Pearson correlation test, the water temperature, dissolved organic carbon, UV254, bromide ion (Br−), free residual chlorine, and chlorine dose were identified as the significant parameters for THMs formation in WDS2. Water temperature was the only significant parameter for THMs formation in WDS1. Based on the correlation results, a predictive model for THMs formation was developed using a multiple regression approach. A multiple linear regression model showed the best fit according to the coefficients of determination (R2) obtained for WDS1 (R2 = 0.47) and WDS2 (R2 = 0.54). Further correlation studies and analysis focusing on THMs formation are necessary to assess THMs concentration using the predictive models.

scholarly journals Multiobjective contaminant response modeling for water distribution systems security

2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 267-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ami Preis ◽  
Avi Ostfeld
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Evolutionary Model ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Nsga Ii ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Conflicting Objectives ◽  
Operational Activities

Following the events of 9/11/2001 in the US, the world public awareness to possible terrorist attacks on water supply systems has increased significantly. The security of drinking water distribution systems has become a foremost concern around the globe. Water distribution systems are spatially diverse and thus are inherently vulnerable to intentional contamination intrusions. In this study, a multiobjective optimization evolutionary model for enhancing the response against deliberate contamination intrusions into water distribution systems is developed and demonstrated. Two conflicting objectives are explored: (1) minimization of the contaminant mass consumed following detection, versus (2) minimization of the number of operational activities required to contain and flush the contaminant out of the system (i.e. number of valves closure and hydrants opening). Such a model is aimed at directing quantitative response actions in opposition to the conservative approach of entire shutdown of the system until flushing and cleaning is completed. The developed model employs the multiobjective Non-Dominated Sorted Genetic Algorithm–II (NSGA-II) scheme, and is demonstrated using two example applications.

scholarly journals Metamodel for nodal pressure estimation at near real-time in water distribution systems using artificial neural networks

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 486-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Meirelles Lima ◽  
Bruno Melo Brentan ◽  
Daniel Manzi ◽  
Edevar Luvizotto
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Artificial Neural Networks ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Pressure Data ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Artificial Neural

Abstract The development of computational models for analysis of the operation of water supply systems requires the calibration of pipes' roughness, among other parameters. Inadequate values of this parameter can result in inaccurate solutions, compromising the applicability of the model as a decision-making tool. This paper presents a metamodel to estimate the pressure at all nodes of a distribution network based on artificial neural networks (ANNs), using a set of field data obtained from strategically located pressure sensors. This approach aims to increase the available pressure data, reducing the degree of freedom of the calibration problem. The proposed model uses the inlet flow of the district metering area and pressure data monitored in some nodes, as input data to the ANN, obtaining as output, the pressure values for nodes that were not monitored. Two case studies of real networks are presented to validate the efficiency and accuracy of the method. The results ratify the efficiency of ANN as state forecaster, showing the high applicability of the metamodel tool to increase a database or to identify abnormal events during an operation.

scholarly journals Trihalomethanes in Water Supply System and Water Distribution Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (17) ◽  
pp. 9066
Author(s):  
Sornsiri Sriboonnak ◽  
Phacharapol Induvesa ◽  
Suraphong Wattanachira ◽  
Pharkphum Rakruam ◽  
Adisak Siyasukh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Guideline Values

The formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) in natural and treated water from water supply systems is an urgent research area due to the carcinogenic risk they pose. Seasonal effects and pH have captured interest as potential factors affecting THM formation in the water supply and distribution systems. We investigated THM occurrence in the water supply chain, including raw and treated water from water treatment plants (coagulation, sedimentation, sand filtration, ClO2-disinfection processes, and distribution pipelines) in the Chiang Mai municipality, particularly the educational institute area. The effects of two seasons, rainy (September–November 2019) and dry (December 2019–February 2020), acted as surrogates for the water quality profile and THM occurrence. The results showed that humic acid was the main aromatic and organic compound in all the water samples. In the raw water sample, we found a correlation between surrogate organic compounds, including SUVA and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (R2 = 0.9878). Four species of THMs were detected, including chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform. Chloroform was the dominant species among the THMs. The highest concentration of total THMs was 189.52 μg/L. The concentration of THMs tended to increase after chlorination when chlorine dioxide and organic compounds reacted in water. The effect of pH on the formation of TTHMs was also indicated during the study. TTHM concentrations trended lower with a pH ≤ 7 than with a pH ≥ 8 during the sampling periods. Finally, in terms of health concerns, the concentration of TTHMs was considered safe for consumption because it was below the standard (<1.0) of WHO’s Guideline Values (GVs).

scholarly journals Average Operating Pressure Effect on Water Supply Systems Performances. A Case Study for 12 Romanian Small Water Distribution Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-150
Author(s):  
E. Vitan ◽  
Anca Hotupan ◽  
Adriana Hadarean
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Water Network ◽  
Small Water

Abstract The performance evaluation of an implemented water distribution network is in tight relation with the choice of adequate measures for water loss reduction. Hence, the consequences of placing the water network in a wrong performance category are bad and will conduct to unreasonably costs or considerable water loss volumes. Therefore, the evaluation of the water network performance level based on both Non-Revenue Water (NRW) and Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) indicators is to be recommended. This paper deals with the performance evaluation of water distribution systems based on the calculated performance indicators NRW and ILI. For this purpose, collected data for a period of one year from 12 Romanian small water distribution systems and two simplified average pressure determination methods were used.

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