Subsurface Injection of Activated Sludge: Response of two Grass Species

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 41-50
Author(s):  
M. Tedesco ◽  
M. Ligo ◽  
C. Gianello ◽  
Z. Simon
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Environmental Benefit ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Limiting Nutrient ◽  
Phytotoxic Effect ◽  
Subsurface Injection ◽  
Sludge Application

Excess activated sludge produced at SITEL, the integrated effluent treatment plant of Pólo Petroquímico do Sul (South Petrochemical Complex), Triunfo, Brazil, is disposed of by subsurface injection on pangola grass fields at average rates of 24 tons/year (dry basis). Until now no definite destination has been found for the hay, due to its poor commercial value. With the purpose of investigating the behavior of more commercially valuable species under sludge application, a growth-leaching pot experiment is being conducted at the Soils Department of UFRGS (Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul). Oats (Avenastrigosa) and rye grass (Loliummultiflorum) were the first species to be tested. Sludge application rates varied from 0 to 6 times the recommended operational values. The following topics were studied to date: (a) uptake of mineral nutrients N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn and S; (b) translocation of heavy metals Cd, Pb and Cr to shoots; (c) leaching of nutrients and metals. Initial results showed that: (i) Sludge applied at rates up to 24 t/ha (dry basis) did not cause any phytotoxic effect. However, plant macronutrients released by sludge into soil did not reach the quantities required for proper agronomic management of the crops. (ii) Nitrogen was the growth limiting nutrient and also phosphorus to a lesser extent. Potassium was supplied mainly by the soil. (iii)Some constituents that appeared in leachate from chemically-treated pots did not leach from sludge-treated pots, showing an environmental benefit from sludge over mineral amendments in that respect. (iv) Mineral nitrogen, mainly nitrate, was detected in leachate for about 45 days, decreasing with time. (v) Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd and Cr did not appear in plant tops and leachate from sludge-treated pots in worrysome amounts. The investigation proceeds with cultivation of pangola grass and millet.

Effect of Petrochemical Activated Sludge on Soil Properties

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 63-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Tedesco ◽  
M. Ligo ◽  
C. Gianello ◽  
Z. Simon
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water System ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Sludge Application

Excess activated sludge produced at SITEL, the integrated wastewater treatment plant of Pólo Petroquímico do Sul (South Petrochemical Complex), situated in the municipality of Triunfo, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, is disposed of by subsurface injection on pangola grass fields at average application rates of 24 tons/years (dry basis). With the purpose of investigating the effect produced by the application of sludge at higher rates on the soil-plant-water system, as well as the response of more commercially valuable grass species, a growth-leaching pot experiment is being conducted at the Department of Soils of UFRGS (Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul), with the supervision of SITEL. After one year, comprehensive soil analyses showed the following results:Sludge decomposition in soil, worked out from evolution of CO2, amounted to 2.7% of C lost as CO2 in relation to the C added, in 50 days, 27°C (daylight temperature) and sludge application rate of 24 t/ha.Sludge application brought about an enrichment of soil C, N and P restricted to the top layer.No significant modifications were observed in soil pH and contents of K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and B in the top layer of soil, even at the higher sludge application rates.Slight increases were observed in contents of Na, Cu, S and electrical conductivity of the top layer, effects compatible with the characteristics of the sludge applied.Appreciable increases were observed in soil contents of Zn, Cr, Cd and Ni, in correlation with the increasing sludge application rates. The resulting values, however, fell well below the tolerable limits.Proper management of a sludge application system that reproduces the conditions chosen for this investigation can yield a useful site life of many years without appreciable environmental risks.

Long-Term Land Application of Activated Sludge from a Petrochemical Wastewater Treatment Plant: I - Leachate Quality

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 19-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Simon ◽  
M. J. Tedesco ◽  
C. Gianello
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Rye Grass ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Leachate Quality ◽  
Sludge Application

Excess activated sludge from SITEL, the wastewater treatment plant of Polo Petroquímico do Sul (South Petrochemical Complex), Triunfo, State of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil, is disposed of by subsurface injection on pangola grass and rye grass fields at an average annual rate of 24 tons/ha (dry basis). In order to assess absorption of sludge constituents by plants, modifications of soil properties and leachate quality, a microplot growth-leaching experiment is being conducted at the Department of Soils of UFRGS since 1985. Pangola grass (Digitariadecumbens, Stent) and rye grass (Loliummultiflorum, Lam) are grown in summer and winter respectively. Some microplots have been loaded with sludge enriched with Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cd, Pb and Hg since 1988. Plant nutrients such as K, Cu, Zn and B did not increase in leachate, even at the higher application rates employed. Ammonium and pH were not affected either, whilst nitrates increased at the highest application rates. Ca and Mg increased in leachate during the third and the fourth years of the experiment, probably due to the liming of the microplots. Electrical conductivity of leachate increased with sludge application. Na, chloride and sulphate, the more soluble ions, increased slowly during the first year and more rapidly during the subsequent years. Heavy metals Cr, Ni, Cd, Pb and Hg in leachate were not consistently affected by application of pure sludge or metals-enriched sludge. The concentrations of these constituents in leachate were found to be generally below accepted limits for potable water. Exacerbation of loading of metals, bringing about introduction of total amounts that exceed current limits of addition of metals to soil, did not produce significant alterations in leachate quality. This suggests that these limits are very safe with respect to protection of aquifers. The determination of nitrates in leachate at different sludge application rates made possible the adoption of 40 tons/ha.year as the maximum allowable sludge loading rate (on dry basis) for the real sludge farms at SITEL. This figure is approximately double the operational sludge application rate at SITEL.

The Efficiency of a Biological Activated Sludge Effluent Treatment Plant with Extended Aeration

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rurik Skogman ◽  
Reino Lammi
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Chlorinated Phenols ◽  
Forest Products Industry ◽  
Effluent Treatment Plant ◽  
Closed Systems ◽  
Treating Effluent

The requirements imposed on the Finnish forest products industry by the water authorities have focused on the reduction of BOD and suspended solids in the wastewaters. The industry has tried to comply with these requirements, first through internal measures such as process changes and closed systems. When these have not been sufficient, external treatment has been resorted to. The Wilh. Schauman Company in Jakobstad has chosen activated sludge with extended aeration from among the available methods for treating effluent. The plant has operated since the beginning of 1986 with extremely good results. In addition to the reduction of BOD and suspended solids, there has been a marked decrease of chlorinated phenols. Chlorinated substances with higher molecular weight are also removed during the process.

scholarly journals Macroalgae and Activated Sludge Microbes in Treatment of Crepe Cotton Effluent

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2S2) ◽  
pp. 697-700
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Heat Insulation ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Cod Removal ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Textile Fabrics ◽  
Domestic Wastewater Treatment

Crepe cotton bandages (textile fabrics) are common household kit in the medical first aid boxes and are globally used in pharmaceutical and health care units to offer heat, insulation and support in many medical situations. Southern Tamilnadu comprises of more than 150 crepe bandage textile units and exports tonnes of crepe cottons. Many units are operated on continuous basis and therefore the amount of wastewater generated and its treatment is of critical importance. Unlike typical textile effluent, crepe cotton processing wastewater do not contain dyes, but significant proportions of caustic soda, soda ash, bleaching agents and COD. This paper discusses the effluent treatment of crepe cotton processing units using mixed cultures of macroalgae and activated sludge microbes. There are very few studies comparing the performance of activated sludge and macro algae in wastewater treatment. Fresh water macroalgae was collected from a nearby pond and activated sludge was collected from the aeration basin of domestic wastewater treatment plant. Crepe cotton processing effluent had significant concentrations of COD, TDS, TSS and was highly alkaline. The COD removal efficiency of about 73.8% and 99 % was obtained for macroalgae and activated sludge microbes respectively. COD removal was quick in activated sludge while macroalgae cultures took 144 h to remove 275 mg/L of COD. This study shows that activated sludge microbes are quick to adapt in uptake of organics from crepe cotton effluent when compared to macroalgal sp, further studies will provide insights on generating bioenergy from algal species grown in crepe cotton effluent for sustained plant operation.

Alternatives for Soil Disposal of Excess Activated Sludge from the Industrial Waste Treatment Plant at Companhia Alcoolquímica Nacional

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 127-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Francisco ◽  
J. Scheleuderer ◽  
S. S. Venturelli ◽  
G. C. da Rocha
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Dissolved Air Flotation ◽  
Biological Sludge ◽  
Land Disposal ◽  
Subsurface Injection

The industrial wastewater treatment plant at Companhia Alcoolquímica Nacional in Cabo, PE, with operation start-up expected in the second semester of 1986, is composed of: hydraulic and organic load equalization, pH correction and an extended aeration activated sludge plant. For the purpose of disposing of 995 kg solids/day (dry solids) excess biological sludge, a study was undertaken with the intention of using land disposal, after preliminary comparison with other conventional methods. For the disposal of this sludge, which was thickened to 4% suspended solids by dissolved air flotation, two alternatives were proposed:Land disposal by subsurface injection (10 t dry solids per hectare per pass every 60 days).Land disposal by the trench fill system, in an available area of 3 ha. In the case of subsurface injection, grass would be used for the vegetation cover. In the case of the trench fill system, corn and/or manioc tillages would be used. The crops obtained from these tillages may be used for animal feed. After analysing several factors, such as available area, implementation and operating costs, handling facilities and climatic conditions, the trench fill disposal system was chosen. This has the following features:(a)Trenches with 50 cm base, distance from one trench to the next of 100 cm, (i.e., 10 trenches per 15 m), 35 cm depth;(b)0.3% trench slopes;(c)Conveyance of thickened sludge through a main chute with 0.1% slope;(d)120 t dry solids/ha/yr application, on a 3 ha total area;(e)Addition accomplished at a rate of 1/5 ha/day (5 days per week), the whole cycle being completed every three weeks.

Dynamics of effluent treatment plant during commissioning of activated sludge process unit

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 3538-3546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Bafana ◽  
Gulshan Kumar ◽  
Sanjay M. Kashyap ◽  
Gajanan S. Kanade ◽  
Vilas M. Shinde
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Process Unit ◽  
Activated Sludge Process ◽  
Effluent Treatment Plant
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