Super-bridging Fibrous Materials for Water Treatment: Impacts on Removal of Plastic Particles, Phosphorus and Natural Organic Matter

To deal with issues of process sustainability, cost, and efficiency, we developed materials reengineered from fibers to serve as super-bridging agents, adsorbents, and ballast media. These sustainable fiber-based materials considerably increased the floc size (~6630 µm) compared to conventional physicochemical treatment using a coagulant and a flocculant (~520 µm). The materials also reduced coagulant usage (up to 40%) and flocculant usage (up to 60%). These materials could be used in synergy with coagulants and flocculants to improve settling in existing water treatment processes and allow facilities to reduce their capital and operating costs as well as their environmental footprint. Moreover, the super-sized flocs produced using fiber-based materials (up to ~13 times larger compared to conventional treatment) enabled easy floc removal by screening, eliminating the need for a settling tank, a large and costly process unit. The materials can be effective solutions at removing classical (e.g., natural organic matter (NOM) and phosphorus) and emerging contaminants (e.g., microplastics and nanoplastics). Due to their large size, Si- and Fe-grafted fiber-based materials can be easily recovered from sludge and reused multiple times.

The Effect of Catalyst Amount & Reacters Comperative on Glycerol Conversion From Castrol Oil With Catalyst Of Pertamina Cracking Process Unit III Palembang

Transesterification of oil with alcohol produces glycerol and methyl esters (biodiesel). The reaction is influenced, among others, by the amount of catalyst and the ratio of oil and meth hanol reagents. This purpose of research to determine the effect of the amount of catalyst and the ratio of reagents on the conversion of glycerol. The experiment was carried out in a three-necked flask equipped with a stirrer and reverse cooling. In a three-necked flask, 150 ml of castor oil was added, 0.375 ml of H2SO4 was added, heated to a temperature of 650C. Then add 185 ml of methanol and stir for 30 minutes. Then let stand 24 hours to form two layers. The bottom layer is glycerol. The transesterification process was continued by adding 100 ml of glycerol in a mixture of methanol (variation 1:2, 1:3, 1:4) with RCC catalyst (variation 1.7gr;1.9gr;2.1gr;2.3gr ;2.5gr) The mixture was then stirred at 90 rpm for 75 minutes. Based on the results of research conducted, the highest glycerol conversion value was in the amount of catalyst 2.1 g with a ratio of reagents between castor oil and methanol of 1:3 of 55.33%.

EFFECTIVENESS OF PROCESS INTENSIFICATION OF SMALL-SCALE BIODIESEL PLANTS: STUDIES ON PRODUCT REPRODUCIBILITY AND QUALITY

Process intensification is an innovation implemented in the design and development of processes and equipment, which can provide significant benefits for process efficiency, product selectivity and quality, energy efficiency, less waste, and process safety. Intensification of technological processes is classified into two main groups: intensification of equipment and processing methods. This study used the process and equipment intensification into a small-scale biodiesel plant system with 5 liters/batch capacity. The system consists of a reaction process unit integrated with a methanol recovery process unit and a separation unit integrated with a biodiesel purification unit. This study aims to test the reproducibility and quality of biodiesel products in small-scale factories using palm oil and soybean oil. The results showed that the small-scale biodiesel plant provided fairly good performance in the form of reproducibility, namely a consistent biodiesel yield in the range of 74.54%-77.8% and biodiesel quality that met the Indonesian National Standard. In the process using palm oil, the yield of biodiesel is 74.54%-76.5%, glycerol 6.9%-9.0%, and methanol recovery 7.5%-9.0%, with a physical viscosity of 2.89 mm2/s, density 0.86 g/mL, and acid value 0.45 mg KOH/g. As for the process using soybean oil, biodiesel yield is 77.4%-77.8%, glycerol 6%-6.5%, and methanol recovery 8.4%-8.9%, with a physical viscosity of 1.97 mm2/s, density 0.85 g/mL, and acid value 0.45 mg KOH/g. The biodiesel composition from palm oil is dominated by methyl oleate, methyl palmitate, and methyl stearate. In comparison, biodiesel composition from soybean oil is dominated by methyl palmitate, methyl linoleate, and methyl isostearate.

Super-bridging Fibrous Materials for Water Treatment: Impacts on Removal of Plastic Particles, Phosphorus and Natural Organic Matter

Aggregation combined with gravitational separation is the most commonly used method to treat water globally, but it carries a significant economic and environmental burden as the chemicals used in the process (e.g., coagulants) generate ~8 million tons of metal-based sludge waste annually. To simultaneously deal with the issues of process sustainability, cost, and efficiency, we developed materials reengineered from pristine or waste fibers to serve as super-bridging agents, adsorbents, and ballast media. This study shows that these sustainable fiber-based materials considerably increased the floc size (~6630 µm) compared to conventional physicochemical treatment using a coagulant and a flocculant (~520 µm). The fiber-based materials also reduced coagulant (up to 40%) and flocculant usage (up to 60%). Moreover, the unprecedented size of flocs produced using fiber-based materials (up to ~13 times larger compared to conventional treatment) enabled easy floc removal by screening, thereby eliminating the need for a settling tank, a large and costly process unit. Our results show that fiber-based materials can be effective solutions at removing classical (e.g., natural organic matter (NOM) and phosphorus) and emerging contaminants (e.g., microplastics and nanoplastics). Due to their large size (> 3000 µm), some Si-grafted and Fe-grafted fiber-based materials can be easily recovered from settled/screened sludge and reused multiple times for coagulation/flocculation. Our results also show that these materials could be used in synergy with coagulants and flocculants to improve settling in existing water treatment processes. Furthermore, these reusable materials combined with separation via screening could allow global water treatment facilities to reduce their capital and operating costs as well as their environmental footprint.

The Design of a Tomato Powder Processing Plant with a Capacity of 75,000 Tonnes Per Annum in Oyo State, Nigeria, West Africa

This project designed a plant that will process 250 tonnes of raw tomatoes per day. The duration of this production was spread across 24 hours and operated for 300 days in a year, which gave a yield of 17.5 tons of tomato powder per day. From these specifications, the best process route was synthesized. The process route selected involved choosing and sorting the tomatoes, washing, blanching, blending, spray drying (as the drying process), packaging and labeling. Through a series of investigations, the most feasible way to dry tomato powder on an industrial scale proved to be the spray-drying method because the process was very rapid, required low labor cost, and was relatively simple to operate and sustain. The particle size was also easy to control with this technology, making it easy to correlate with product standards. The equipment to be used was then identified which included the machine vision, a spray washer, a water Blancher, an industrial blender, a spray dryer, and a powder packaging machine. Material and energy balance were evaluated around the whole plant. A process flow diagram and basic piping and instrumentation diagram were also computed using engineering software such as Microsoft Visio. From the previous work done, the selected process unit, the spray dryer, was designed with a detailed piping and instrumentation diagram made around it. The site of the plant was resolved, adjacent oriental foods along the Lagos-Ibadan Expressway. It was necessary to site the plant in an area where raw materials can easily be delivered to. The area selected was directly linked to a major highway, the Lagos-Ibadan Expressway, thereby making transport quite affordable. The site layout alongside the plant layout was constructed. The layouts clearly showed the standard flow process.

Practical Application of Integrated Simulation Technologies for Asset Development and Surface Facilities Design of Gas Fields

The main goal of this paper is to describe the automation process for asset design solutions assessment in accordance with the expected production levels in dynamics. The integrated model contains embedded sub-models (various assessment elements, such as pipeline networks, compression facilities, gas treatment units, reservoir simulation models for production profiles simulation and an economic model to obtain an instant investment estimate). A continuous data flow between all the component models provides a quick assessment of different variables influence on the final efficiency of the integrated asset development option; this approach makes possible the rapid expansion of options range as well as the increase in analysis depth. We describe this approach on the example of the gas assets group development project, which includes the integration of following part of surface facilities: pipeline networks (gathering system) for well pads with the corresponding booster compressor stations and transport network to deliver well product to gas process unit. The work shows the recommendations about how to set up the optimal configuration of an integrated model (type and composition of sub-models, linking algorithms, data exchange directions, etc.) to solve various issues of long-term planning. In addition, we show the example of standardizing the process of managing the sub- models to provide the integrated model fast update when new production data arrives or when the surface facilities concept is changed and to make the approach transfer to other close projects easier. The novelty of the work lies in the creation of a unique approach to solve the issues of conceptual design by flexible configuration of an integrated model for specific tasks. This approach includes processing of production data different formats, the ability to connect an economic model to obtain the instant investment assessment of surface facilities option within comprehensive analysis. In addition, it includes the ability to connect detailed models of the gas-processing unit and booster compressor station with prospective economic efficiency assessment in accordance with the production profiles updates. The integrated model example and overall approach that we provide in this paer is unique due to the following factors: – "flexibility" of the model, which changes its appearance depending on the tasks. – prompt update of the economic indicators of the project. – clear accounting of transport and process facilities (use of detailed models for pipeline and processing systems (including booster compressor stations).

Subsurface Sediment Deposits of Tanjung Berikat Coast, Bangka, Determined from GPR Interpretation

Tanjung Berikat Coast in Central Bangka, is a part of the Southeast Asian tin belt. We conducted four Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) survey lines and 13 hand auger coring to understand sediment deposition and composition. Two similar units were determined from GPR lines BLG 01–BLG 03: Unit A at the top part, reflected by parallel and continuous reflector configuration, weak–strong electromagnetic wave. Underneath Unit A is Unit B, characterized by subparallel configuration, not continuous–chaotic, weak–medium electromagnetic wave. Unit B is absent in BLG 04. We identify another two units from BLG 04 and BLG 03, Unit C, characterized by subparallel reflector configuration, not continuous– chaotic, weak–strong electromagnetic wave. It exhibits distinctive modulating contact with Unit D. Unit D is characterized by chaotic reflector configuration, relatively stronger electromagnetic wave that might be correlated to the granite intrusion Tanjung Klabat. Sediment deposit is composed of fine–coarse sand, consisting mostly of clastic plutonic and clastic biogenic (coral and mollusk fragments), which increase downward. This indicates marine-fluvial influence, which suggests that sea-level changes strongly influence sedimentation process. Unit A from GPR is correlated to these sediment deposits, the other three units might be correlated to weathering of older insitu deposit.

Sustainable Fiber-Based Materials as Super-bridging Agents, Adsorbents, and Ballast Media

Aggregation combined with gravitational separation is the most commonly used method to treat water globally, but it carries a significant economic and environmental burden as the chemicals used in the process (e.g., coagulants) generate ~8 million tons of metal-based sludge waste annually. To simultaneously deal with the issues of process sustainability, cost, and efficiency, we developed materials reengineered from pristine or waste fibers (e.g., cellulose, polyester, cotton, and keratin) to serve as super-bridging agents, adsorbents and ballast media. This study shows that these sustainable materials (fibers, microspheres, and flakes functionalized with Si, Al and/or Fe) considerably increased the floc size (~6630 µm) compared to conventional physicochemical treatment (~520 µm; using alum and polyacrylamide). The fiber-based materials also reduced chemical usage (20–60 %) and improved contaminant removal during settling by increasing floc size and density. Moreover, the unprecedented size of flocs produced using fiber-based materials (13 times larger compared to conventional treatment) enabled easy floc removal by screening, thereby eliminating the need for a settling tank, a large and costly process unit used to treat more than 70% of water globally. Our results show that fiber-based materials can be effective solutions at removing classical (e.g., natural organic matter (NOM) and phosphorus, via electrostatic affinities) and emerging contaminants (e.g., microplastics and nanoplastics). Due to their large size (> 3000 µm), some Si-grafted and Fe-grafted fiber-based materials were easily recovered from settled/screened sludge and reused multiple times for coagulation/flocculation. These reusable materials combined with separation via screening could allow global water treatment facilities to reduce their capital and operating costs as well as their environmental footprint. Finally, our results also show that these materials could be used in synergy with coagulants and flocculants to improve existing water treatment plants for the removal of NOM, phosphorus, turbidity, total suspended solids and microplastics.

THE POSSIBILITY OF USING ZEOLITES FROM VARIOUS MANUFACTURERS FOR THE DRYING OF HYDROCARBON GAS FROM THE ASTRAKHAN GAS PROCESSING PLANT, A BRANCH OF LLC «GAZPROM PROCESSING»

При транспортировке товарного газа потребителям по магистральным газопроводам предъявляются жесткие требования к его физико-химическим характеристикам и компонентному составу, для обеспечения надежной эксплуатации трубопроводной системы. Одним из основных контролируемых параметров, оказывающих существенное влияние на эксплуатационные характеристики товарного газа, является влагосодержание, которое характеризуется таким показателем, как точка росы по воде. С целью снижения содержания влаги в товарном газе для осушки применяются различные методы, в том числе и методы осушки с использованием адсорбентов, эффективность использования которых подтверждена не одним десятилетием. Самыми эффективными адсорбентами в настоящее время являются цеолиты, которые при их использовании позволяют получать низкие температуры точки росы по воде. Подбор эффективных цеолитов для осушки углеводородных газов с целью достижения как можно более низкой температуры точки росы по воде является актуальной задачей, решение которой позволит улучшить экономику процесса осушки. В статье проанализированы результаты использования двух марок адсорбентов (производства ООО «Ишимбайский специализированный химический завод катализаторов» и ООО «Салаватский катализаторный завод»), которые применялись в процессе осушки углеводородного газа на Астраханском ГПЗ филиале ООО «Газпром переработка» (далее - Астраханский ГПЗ). Сопоставительный анализ работы адсорбентов двух производителей показал возможность их использования в процессе осушки углеводородного газа на Астраханском ГПЗ. В присутствии данных адсорбентов при номинальной и максимальной загрузке технологической установки осушки и отбензинивания газа на Астраханском ГПЗ содержание влаги в газе не превышало 1,0 ppm. Адсорбент производства ООО «Ишимбайский специализированный химический завод катализаторов» показал большую устойчивость работы в процессе осушки, что было обусловлено меньшей динамикой изменения основных технологических показателей. When transporting commercial gas to consumers through main gas pipelines, strict requirements are imposed on its physical and chemical characteristics and component composition, to ensure reliable operation of the pipeline system. One of the main controlled parameters that has a significant impact on the performance characteristics of commercial gas is the moisture content, which is characterized by such an indicator as the dew point on water. In order to reduce the moisture content in the commercial gas, various methods are used for drying, including methods of drying using adsorbents, the effectiveness of which has been confirmed for more than one decade. The most effective adsorbents currently are zeolites, which, when used, allow you to get low dew point temperatures in water. The selection of effective zeolites for the drying of hydrocarbon gases in order to achieve the lowest possible dew point temperature in water is an urgent task, the solution of which will improve the economy of the drying process.The article analyzes the results of the use of two brands of adsorbents (produced by LLC “Ishimbay Specialized Chemical Plant of Catalysts” and LLC “Salavat Catalyst Plant”), which were used in the process of drying hydrocarbon gas at the Astrakhan Gas Processing Plant branch of LLC “Gazprom Pererabotka” (hereinafter - the Astrakhan Gas Processing Plant).A comparative analysis of the adsorbents of the two manufacturers showed the possibility of their use in the process of drying hydrocarbon gas at the Astrakhan Gas Processing Plant. In the presence of these adsorbents at the nominal and maximum load of the gas drying and topping process unit at the Astrakhan Gas Processing Plant, the moisture content in the gas did not exceed 1.0 ppm. The adsorbent produced by LLC “Ishimbay Specialized Chemical Plant of Catalysts” showed greater stability in the drying process, which was due to the lower dynamics of changes in the main technological indicators.