Evaluation of Industrial Cooling Systems Using Reclaimed Municipal Wastewater

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 163-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Asano ◽  
Rafael Mujeriego ◽  
Judith Dickson Parker
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Cooling Tower ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Makeup Water ◽  
Cooling Systems ◽  
Evaporative Cooling Tower ◽  
Treatment Alternatives

Evaluation of industrial cooling systems using reclaimed municipal wastewater was made. For an industry, three major conditions which can dictate considerations of water reuse for industrial cooling systems are: 1) scarcity of freshwater supplies, 2) public policy which encourages wastewater reuse, and 3) lower costs than those incurred with freshwater supplies. Several external treatment alternatives are available for the recirculating, evaporative cooling tower operation using reclaimed municipal wastewater (lime clarification, alum precipitation, and/or ion exchange). Internal chemical treatment of cooling tower makeup water is a component common to both freshwater and reclaimed water supplies. In spite of the higher costs of industrial cooling systems using reclaimed municipal wastewater, several conditions encouraging adaptation of wastewater reuse systems for cooling were identified and discussed.

Reclaimed municipal wastewater - a potential water resource in China

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 51-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
He Pinjing ◽  
L. Phan ◽  
Gu Guowei ◽  
G. Hervouet
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Industrial Use ◽  
Resource Shortage

Due to water resource shortage and socio-economic development within twenty years, China faces serious problems of water supply and water pollution. Several criteria and suitable reclamation processes related to water reuse have been created in China, which are helpful to improve the situation of water scarcity. In the future, reclaimed municipal wastewater reuse will mainly be developed for urban and industrial use. Potential supply quantity of reclaimed water, quality of reclaimed water, and reclamation cost are favorable to potential reuses. Based on further public environmental education, on a relevant development of national and local standards for reclaimed water quality, and on an increase of sanitary rate, more and more planned reclaimed water reuse projects would be expected in China.

Economic considerations and decision support tool for wastewater reuse scheme planning

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 175-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Hochstrat ◽  
D. Joksimovic ◽  
T. Wintgens ◽  
T. Melin ◽  
D. Savic
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Decision Support Tool ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Economic Considerations

The reuse of upgraded wastewater for beneficial uses is increasingly adopted and accepted as a tool in water management. However, funding of schemes is still a critical issue. The focus of this paper is on economic considerations of water reuse planning. A survey of pricing mechanisms for reclaimed water revealed that most schemes are subsidised to a great extent. In order to minimise these state contributions to the implementation and operation of reuse projects, their planning should identify a least cost design option. This also has to take into account the established pricing structure for conventional water resources and the possibility of gaining revenues from reclaimed water pricing. The paper presents a case study which takes into account these aspects. It evaluates different scheme designs with regard to their Net Present Value (NPV). It could be demonstrated that for the same charging level, quite different amounts of reclaimed water can be delivered while still producing an overall positive NPV. Moreover, the economic feasibility and competitiveness of a reuse scheme is highly determined by the cost structure of the conventional water market.

scholarly journals Membrane-Based Processes Used in Municipal Wastewater Treatment for Water Reuse: State-Of-The-Art and Performance Analysis

Membranes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaqi Yang ◽  
Mathias Monnot ◽  
Lionel Ercolei ◽  
Philippe Moulin
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Removal Capacity ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Alternative Water

Wastewater reuse as a sustainable, reliable and energy recovery concept is a promising approach to alleviate worldwide water scarcity. However, the water reuse market needs to be developed with long-term efforts because only less than 4% of the total wastewater worldwide has been treated for water reuse at present. In addition, the reclaimed water should fulfill the criteria of health safety, appearance, environmental acceptance and economic feasibility based on their local water reuse guidelines. Moreover, municipal wastewater as an alternative water resource for non-potable or potable reuse, has been widely treated by various membrane-based treatment processes for reuse applications. By collecting lab-scale and pilot-scale reuse cases as much as possible, this review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the membrane-based treatment processes, mainly focused on the hydraulic filtration performance, contaminants removal capacity, reuse purpose, fouling resistance potential, resource recovery and energy consumption. The advances and limitations of different membrane-based processes alone or coupled with other possible processes such as disinfection processes and advanced oxidation processes, are also highlighted. Challenges still facing membrane-based technologies for water reuse applications, including institutional barriers, financial allocation and public perception, are stated as areas in need of further research and development.

Treatment of Wastewater to Meet the Requirements for Cooling Water Systems in Jordan’s Nuclear Plants

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aiman Eid Al-Rawajfeh ◽  
Kamal Araj
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Cooling Water ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Chemical Cleaning ◽  
Makeup Water ◽  
Promising Alternative

Scaling and corrosion associated with the use of natural hard water in cooling towers during recirculation pose great problems from both economical and technical points of view, such as decreased system efficiency and increased frequency of chemical cleaning. Treated municipal wastewater (MWW) is a promising alternative to freshwater as power plant cooling system makeup water, especially in arid regions. In this work, hybrid systems of salt precipitation (SP), nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) were investigated, as potential pretreatment processes for wastewater reuse as cooling water in the planned Jordan nuclear power plants. The As-Samra wastewater was used to calculate the potential of carbonate and sulfate scale formation. The results were compared to scale potentials from Palo Verde wastewater. Four cases were investigated; SP, NF, SP-RO and NF-RO. The SP pretreatment cases showed the highest monovalent to divalent ratio because of a high removal of Ca and Mg and addition of Na from the chemicals of the SP step. The NF pretreatment cases, showed the lowest calcium sulfate scale potential and this potential decreases with the % pretreatment. The scale amount increases very slightly with concentration times when the SP and NF product is desalinated by RO step.

Research on wastewater reuse planning in Beijing central region

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (10) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Jia ◽  
R. Guo ◽  
K. Xin ◽  
J. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Large System ◽  
Urban Region ◽  
Pipe System ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Industrial Reuse

The need to implement wastewater reuse in Beijing is discussed. Based on the investigation of the built wastewater reuse projects in Beijing, the differences between small wastewater reuse system and large systems were analyzed according to the technical, economical and social issues. The advantages and disadvantages of the small system and the large system were then given. In wastewater reuse planning in Beijing urban region, the large system was adopted. The rations of reclaimed water for difference land use type, including industrial reuse, municipal reuse, grass irrigation, and scenes water reuse were determined. Then according to the land use information in every block in central Beijing, using GIS techniques, the amounts of the reclaimed water needed in every block were calculated, and the main pipe system of reclaimed water was planned.

Water Recycling Systems

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (9-11) ◽  
pp. 1393-1429 ◽  
Author(s):  
R D Heaton
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Water Recycling ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Unit Process ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Recycling Systems ◽  
Water District

Water recycling systems implies the initial treatment requirements for various water reuse schemes including unit process descriptions, performance and cost data. Several volumes of text are required for adequate coverage of the above subject and this paper will only attempt to highlight important areas, provide guidelines and give needed direction. Cost functions of one important U.S. Research/ Demonstration Facility (Water Factory 21) are given in more detail. Much of the data has been summarized from four important publications shown below and the reader seeking additional information is encouraged to examine these in detail.1.Water Reuse and Recycling - Volume 2 - Evaluation of Treactment Technology, 1979, U.S. Office of Water Research & Technology (OWRT). Report by Culp/Wesner/Culp Engineers, NTIS #PB 80-131469.2.Guidelines for Water Reuse, August 1980, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Report by Camp Dresser & McKee Engineers, NTIS #PB 81-105017.3.Evaluation of, Membrane. Processes and Their Role in Wastewater Reclamation, 1981. OWRT sponsored report by Orange County Water District, Fountain Valley, California, USA.4.Municipal Wastewater Reuse News. OWRT sponsored monthly newsletter by AWWA Research Foundation, Denver, Colorado, USA.

Dry and Wet-Peaking Tower Cooling Systems For Power Plant Application

1976 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-346
Author(s):  
M. W. Larinoff ◽  
L. L. Forster
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Heat Sink ◽  
Cooling Tower ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Surface Type ◽  
Makeup Water ◽  
Cooling Systems

A new concept of power plant heat-sink system is presented which employs the combination of a conventional wet-tower and a conventional dry-tower. The purpose of this cooling system is to reduce wet cooling-tower makeup-water requirements in water-short areas. The dry tower operates all year around while the wet-peaking tower is used only above certain ambient dry-bulb temperatures. The two cooling circuits serve separate sections of a conventional, surface-type, steam condenser. Thermal performance analysis is presented for various combinations of cooling systems ranging from 100 percent wet to 100 percent dry. Annual makeup-water requirements are calculated for various sizes of towers located in 18 selected cities of the U.S.A. ranging from north to south and east to west.

scholarly journals Water reuse system in Xi'an Municipality of China

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong Chen ◽  
Xiaochang Wang ◽  
Yanzheng Liu
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Central City ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Implementation Strategies ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Reuse System

A water reuse system was formulated for the Xi'an International Metropolitan Urban Planning Project, with the aim of mitigating water stress in the central city of Xi'an, China in 2020. The main reuse purposes of the reclaimed water were agriculture, industry, municipal, ecological, and indoor uses. A wastewater reuse potential capacity of 427.2 × 106 m3/yr was deduced by analyzing the water demand for the different reuse purposes. This reuse capacity makes significant contribution to increasing the total urban water supply capacity and mitigating the water shortage problems imposed by the process of urbanization. A supply scheme for the reclaimed water was configured, which comprised the reclaimed water sources, water supply service areas, and the main reuse purposes. As a result, a wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs)-centered reclaimed water supply system was formed, and the main reuse purposes of the 15 WWTPs and their service districts were defined. Through an economic analysis, the feasibility and benefits of the water reuse system were ascertained. Overall, this study provided the theoretical basis and implementation strategies for a system configuration of water reuse in Xi'an City and also contributed to solving the water-deficiency problems associated with the rapidly developing urban areas in China.

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