Water Quality in the Priority Watercourses of Hong Kong in Respect of Various Environmental Control Measures

The water quality in the 12 priority watercourses of Hong Kong was appraised in respect of the various environmental control measures being undertaken. It was noted that water quality in Lam Tsuen River had been significantly improved since 1983. This is attributed to recent resumption of unsewered lands for town development, training of river basin to increase flow, and declaration of the catchment as a “Water Control Zone” under the Water Pollution Control Ordinance. In contrast with the other heavily polluted watercourses to which little abatement measures were implemented, the water qualities of Shing Mun River and Tuen Mun River were slightly upgraded because of the efforts to rectify unauthorized industrial discharges back to foul sewer and provision of interceptors and sewers to villages. The 10 year Livestock Waste Control Scheme enforced on 24 June 1989 was found in parallel with BOD and suspended solids decrease in watercourses. To assess its effectiveness, however, a longer term monitoring is required to get a conclusive result.

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Correlation of Water Quality Parameters in Tolo Harbour, Hong Kong

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1992.0786 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 26 (9-11) ◽

pp. 2555-2558 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

K. W. Chau ◽

Y. S. Sin

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Hong Kong ◽

Chlorophyll A ◽

Secchi Depth ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Water Quality Parameters ◽

Phosphorus Concentration ◽

Control Zone ◽

Chlorophyll A Concentration ◽

Tolo Harbour

In this paper, long-term biweekly measurements on the various water quality parameters in Tolo Harbour from year 1982 to 1990, subsequent to the declaration of the area as water control zone, were analyzed and correlated. Correlations have been demonstrated between surface chlorophyll-a concentration with secchi depth and with total nitrogen concentration (TN) in the three sub-zones of Tolo Harbour in Hong Kong with different water quality objectives. The correlation between chlorophyll-a concentration and total phosphorus concentration (TP) is less significant which can be explained by the TN/TP ratio. The correlations are useful for water management, planning and effective pollution control on the land-locked estuary.

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Evaluating alternative environmental control measures: the case of industrial sulfur dioxide in Hong Kong

Journal of Environmental Management ◽

10.1016/s0301-4797(05)80122-7 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

pp. 229-238 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

William F. Barron

Keyword(s):

Hong Kong ◽

Sulfur Dioxide ◽

Environmental Control ◽

Control Measures

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From ‘Vilest Beverage’ to ‘Universal Medicine’: Drinking Water in Printed Regimens and Health Guides, 1450–1750

Social History of Medicine ◽

10.1093/shm/hky109 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 683-703

Author(s):

David Gentilcore

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Early Modern ◽

Early Modern Period ◽

Medical Advice ◽

Control Measures ◽

Water Control ◽

Local Conditions ◽

Ample Evidence ◽

Attitudes And Practices

Abstract Historians tend to assume that in pre-modern Europe people avoided the water, as too unsafe, risky and generally unhealthy to drink. This assumption is clearly flawed: early modern Europeans knew, through experience, which waters were ‘best’ and to take certain precautions when it came to the consumption of water. Town councils enacted legislation to ensure water quality as well as more pro-active measures to keep water sources clean. Extensive and expensive water works in many larger towns and the presence of water-carriers suggests a demand for drinking water. And yet the history of both water control measures and drinking practices before the onslaught of Asian cholera and the bacteriological revolution in the nineteenth century have yet to be written. As a contribution towards filling this gap, this study seeks to understand the radically changing nature of medical advice on water consumption between 1450 and 1750, and what it can tell us about the place of water in early modern society. To do this, we consider printed dietary regimens and guides to good health and long life, a successful, varied and changing genre. They offer privileged access to the circulation of knowledge regarding water, in the context of the everyday regulation of food and drink in the maintenance of health. We explain why water went from being considered ‘the vilest of beverages’ in the mid-fifteenth century, the consumption of which, though necessary, had to be carefully regulated, to a ‘universal medicine’ three hundred years later, able to prevent and cure disease. In the process, wine gave way to water as the preferred healthy drink—at least, for medical authors. We relate the medical advice to the different local conditions (such as river water quality), practices (use of cisterns, boiling or filtering) and fashions (cold-drinking) discussed in the medical literature. If water’s very banality means that it is often invisible in the written evidence, the regimens provide ample evidence of the importance of drinking water and of changing attitudes and practices over the course of the early modern period.

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Long Term Monitoring of the Macrobenthos of the Upper Clyde Estuary

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1984.0143 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 16 (5-7) ◽

pp. 359-373 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Anne R Henderson

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Seasonal Variation ◽

Organic Pollution ◽

Long Term Changes ◽

Pollution Loading ◽

Faunal Density ◽

History Of ◽

Long Term Monitoring ◽

Term Monitoring

The sublittoral macrobenthic invertebrate populations of the Upper Clyde Estuary are described. The estuary has a long history of organic pollution. The long term changes in species composition, faunal density and dominance patterns between 1974 and 1980 are presented. The fauna is dominated by brackish, pollution tolerant oligochaetes and polychaetes. Fluctuations in populations can be related to both seasonal variation in environmental conditions and long term improvements in water quality through a reduction in pollution loading to the estuary.

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Nutrient Input and Trophic Status of the “Neue Donau”, a High-Water Control System along the River Danube in Vienna, Austria

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1990.0021 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 22 (5) ◽

pp. 137-144 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

M. T. Dokulil ◽

G. A. Janauer

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Control System ◽

Trophic Status ◽

High Water ◽

Nutrient Concentrations ◽

Nutrient Input ◽

Water Control ◽

Trophic Conditions ◽

River Danube ◽

High Nutrient

The system “Neue Donau” functions as a control system for high waters of the river Danube and is an important recreational area for many people. Water quality and trophic status of the water body is thereforeof prime importance. The high nutrient concentrations of the river Danube (P-tot 238±41µg/l, N-tot 2.53±0.78 mg/l) reach the system via groundwater seepage. Present conditions in the basin of Neue Donau are,as a result of this nutrient in-flux,eutrophic to hypertrophic. Average values during the summer period have declined from 366 µg/l total phosphorus to 78 µg/l, and from 86 µg/l chlorophyll-a tol7µg/l between the years 1985 and 1988. However, a dam which is planned in the river at Vienna will permanently raise the water level of the river thus increasing the the groundwater flow in the direction to the Neue Donau and therefore the nutrient input which will enhance trophic conditions in the impoundment. Since macrophytes play an important role in one part of the system macrophyte management together with measures along the river are some of the suggested strategies to keep the system Neue Donau at acceptable trophic conditions and good water quality.

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Long-Term (15 Years) Results of NPS Controls in an Agricultural Watershed upon a Receiving Lake's Water Quality

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1993.0447 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 28 (3-5) ◽

pp. 441-449 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Paul J. Garrison ◽

Timothy R. Asplund

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Soil Phosphorus ◽

Water Clarity ◽

Management Control ◽

Agricultural Watershed ◽

Control Measures ◽

Phosphorus Loading ◽

Phosphorus Concentration ◽

White Clay

Nonpoint source controls were installed in a 1215 ha agricultural watershed in northeastern Wisconsin in the late 1970. Changes were made in handling of animal wastes and cropping practices to reduce runoff of sediment and nutrients. Modelling results predicted a reduction in phosphorus runoff of 30 percent. The water quality of White Clay Lake has worsened since the installation of NPS controls. The lake's phosphorus concentration has increased from a mean of 29 µg L−1 in the late 1970s to 44 µg L−1 in recent years. Water clarity has declined from 2.7 to 2.1 m and the mean summer chlorophyll levels have increased from 9 to 13 µg L−1 with peak values exceeding 40 µg L−1. Increased phosphorus loading is not the result of elevated precipitation but instead the failure of the control measures to sufficiently reduce P loading. Most of the effort was placed on structural changes while most of the P loading comes from cropland runoff. Further, soil phosphorus concentrations have increased because of artificial fertilizers and manure spreading. The White Clay Lake experience is discouraging since the majority of the polluters in this watershed utilized some NPS control practices, including 76 percent of the farms which installed waste management control facilities.

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What's it Worth? Improving Surface Water Quality

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1999.0515 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 40 (10) ◽

pp. 153-159 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D. H. Newsome ◽

C. D. Stephen

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Surface Water ◽

Cost Benefit Analysis ◽

Cost Benefit ◽

Surface Water Quality ◽

Control Measures ◽

Benefit Analysis ◽

The Cost

Many countries are investing in measures to improve surface water quality, but the investment programmes for so doing are increasingly becoming subject to cost-benefit analysis. Whilst the cost of control measures can usually be determined for individual improvement schemes, there are currently no established procedures for valuing the benefits attributable to improved surface water quality. The paper describes a methodology that has been derived that now makes this possible.

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